Unit4 A garden of poems
【本章重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)】
Ⅰ．Hot words and hot phrases常用詞與常用詞組
1．Poetry also calls up all the colours，feelings，experiences and curious images of a dream world．(P.27)
動(dòng)詞詞組call up的詞義和用法
2．Poems by Du Fu，Li Bai and Wang Wei among others stand out in the halls of Glory．(P.27)
動(dòng)詞詞組stand out及形容詞out-standing的詞義和用法
3．Modern English started around the time of Shakespeare，towards the end of the 16th century．(P.28)
名詞time的詞義及其構(gòu)成的常用介詞短語(yǔ)用法
4．His sonnets，however，belong to the best English poetry．(P.28)
動(dòng)詞詞組belong to的詞義和用法
5．Chinese readers admire their works because of their use of surprising images that reminds them of the works of poets such as Su Dongpo．(P.28)
動(dòng)詞詞組admire的詞義和用法；表示原因的介詞because of等詞的用法
6．Once published，his work became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each line．(P.28)
名詞absence及其同源形容詞absent的用法
7．The style and atmosphere in their poems has often led to comparisons with poets such as Du Fu and Li Bai．(P.28)
名詞atmosphere和comparison的詞義及用法
8．Besides，no matter how well translated，something of the spirit of the original is lost．(P.28)
besides，except，but在內(nèi)涵上的區(qū)別及各自用法；形容詞original的詞義及用法
9．Reading poetry in English also opens the door to finding new ways of expressing yourself in Chinese．(P.28)
動(dòng)詞express的詞義及用法
10．Quietly，we embrace．In a world lit up by words．(P.28)
動(dòng)詞embrace的詞義和用法
11．Modern English came into being from about the middle of 16th century．(P.28)
動(dòng)詞詞組came into being的詞義和用法
12．I also like reading，though I used to avoid poetry．(P.31)
動(dòng)詞avoid的詞義和用法
13．I started with small poems，but now I most like long poems．(P.31)
動(dòng)詞詞組start with和start as在意義和用法的區(qū)別
14．Ask your teacher to recommend poems to you．(P.32)
動(dòng)詞recommend的詞義和用法
15．Collect your favorite poems in a notebook and ask your friends to contribute to it．(P.32)
動(dòng)詞contribute的詞義和用法
Ⅱ．Language points and grammar focus語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)與語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)
A．Language points語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)
1．But whether buses or trains，or boarding aeroplanes，there wasn't door she'd get through．(P.25)
由whether...or...引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)的用法
2．Shakespeare is most famous for his plays．(P.25)
Most famous中的most表示“最”的詞義與使用方法
3．Usually remembered for other work than their poetry are eighteenth century poets such as Pope and Johnson．(P.28)
Greatly loved in China，are the English Romantic poets．(P.28)
兩個(gè)由過(guò)去分詞置于句首引起的倒裝句
4．More and more people are interested to read modern poetry in English．(P.28)
be interested to do sth.與be interested in doing sth.的區(qū)別及用法
5．Reading poetry in English also opens the door to finding new ways of expressing yourself in Chinese．(P.28)
介詞to后表示有動(dòng)作的意味時(shí)，該詞用其動(dòng)名詞形式
B．Grammar focus語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)
The Past Participle used as Adverbial
用作狀語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞
Ⅲ．Skills of the four essential abilities：Listening，speaking，reading and writing聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)四項(xiàng)基本能力的學(xué)習(xí)技巧
1．Listening：Make clear about the desire，request or the matter one side will deal with in a long dialogue
明確較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話(huà)中一方的愿望、請(qǐng)求或即將要做的事
2．Speaking：Express one's intention and decision
表達(dá)一個(gè)人的意圖和決定
3．Reading：Mastering the accurate meaning of some key phrases is the foundation of having a good understanding of some difficult sentences(2)
掌握詞組的確切詞義是正確理解句子的基礎(chǔ)(2)
4．Writing：How to write an introduction or a review of a poem
如何寫(xiě)一首詩(shī)的介紹和評(píng)論
【難點(diǎn)解析】
Ⅰ．Hot words and hot phrases常用詞與常用詞組
1．Poetry also calls up all the colours，feelings，experiences and curious images of a dream world．(P.27)
譯文：詩(shī)歌還能匯集夢(mèng)中世界的一切色彩，感情，經(jīng)歷和各種奇妙的意向。
[講解]call up ①ring up；telephone打電話(huà)
②征召……入伍
③(使)回想起；把召喚回來(lái)
[例句]
I'll call you up this evening．=I'll telephone you this evening．=I'll ring you up this evening．=I'll give you a call this evening．今晚我給你打電話(huà)。
He was called up in 1999．他于1999年入伍。
This song calls up memory of my childhood．=This song reminds me of my childhood．這首歌使我回想起我的童年。
[講解]中學(xué)階段應(yīng)掌握的call短語(yǔ)還有：call for(demand，need要求、需要；來(lái)找某人)，call out(呼喊)，call in(叫……進(jìn)來(lái)；招來(lái))，call on sb.／call at a place(短暫拜訪(fǎng)……)，call back(回電話(huà))。
2．Poems by Du Fu，Li Bai and Wang Wei among others stand out in the halls of Glory．(P.27)
譯文：杜甫、李白、王維以及其他詩(shī)人的詩(shī)歌兀立在榮光寶殿之上。
[講解]stand out[站立→鶴立雞群]v.①突出；引人注目；②杰出；出色。同源詞outstanding形容詞，意為突出的，杰出的，顯著的。
[例句或例詞]
The new road sign is easy to read；the words stand out．
新路標(biāo)易辨認(rèn)，上面的字很醒目。
Among writers in China，LuXun stands out as a real master．
在中國(guó)作家中，魯迅最為杰出，是一位真正的大師。
an outstanding young musician一位優(yōu)秀的年輕的音樂(lè)家
3．Modern English started around the time of Shakespeare，towards the end of the 16th century．(P.28)
譯文：現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌開(kāi)始于莎士比亞時(shí)代，即十六世紀(jì)末。
[講解]time名詞，意為①時(shí)間②(常用復(fù)數(shù))時(shí)代。此外還有“次、回、倍”等意思。
[例句]
What time is it by your watch？你的表幾點(diǎn)了？
Take the medicine three times a day．服此藥一天三次。
The bag is 3 times the size of that one．這個(gè)包大小是那個(gè)包的三倍。
Mao Zedong's time(s)毛澤東時(shí)代
4．His sonnets，however，belong to the best English poetry．(P.28)
譯文：然而他的十四行詩(shī)是英國(guó)詩(shī)歌中的至尊瑰寶。
[講解]belong to意為“屬于-to be a member of...；to be connected with...”
[例句]
The book belongs to me．=I own／have／possess the book．
這本書(shū)是我的。
That lid belongs to the jar．那個(gè)蓋子是配這個(gè)壇子的。
What party do you belong to？你屬于哪個(gè)團(tuán)體？
5．Chinese readers admire their works because of their use of surprising images that reminds them of the works of poets such as Su Dongpo．(P.28)
譯文：中國(guó)讀者贊美他們，是因?yàn)樗麄冏髌分兴玫牧钊梭@奇的想像使他們想到像蘇東坡那樣的詩(shī)人的作品。
[講解]admire動(dòng)詞“欽佩、贊美、羨慕”-to think of or look at...with pleasure and respect”。
[例句]
He is always looking in the mirror，admiring himself．
他常常對(duì)著鏡子自我欣賞。
They admired our garden．他們稱(chēng)贊我們的花園。
I admired him for his success in business．我佩服他事業(yè)有成。
[講解]because of介詞“因?yàn)�、由于”，�?lèi)似的同義詞或近義詞有：owing to，due to，thanks to，on account of等。注意：介詞后要用名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞：because是連詞，后面跟句子。
[例句]
He was late because of the bad weather．=He was late on account of／due to／owing to the bad weather．=He was late because the weather was bad．由于壞天氣，他遲到了。
6．Once published，his work became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each line．(P.28)
譯文：發(fā)行后，他的詩(shī)作因?yàn)樾形膊谎喉嵍螳@其名。
[講解]absent形容詞①[表語(yǔ)]缺席、不在②[定語(yǔ)]心不在焉的
注意：be absent from + 地點(diǎn)表示“不在某地”
be absent in + 地點(diǎn)表示“外出去某地”
be absent from the meeting“缺席”
be absent in...當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是無(wú)生命的名詞時(shí)，意為“沒(méi)有……”
[例句與例詞]
an absent look on his face心不在焉的表情
He is absent in Europe．他現(xiàn)在外出在歐洲。
He is absent from Europe．他現(xiàn)在外出不在歐洲。
He is absent from the meeting．他開(kāi)會(huì)缺席了。
He was absent from his work．他擅離職守。
Snow is absent in some countries．有些國(guó)家終年無(wú)雪。
[講解]absence名詞，意為“不在、缺席”。
[例句與例詞]
His absence from school is worrying．他一再缺課真令人擔(dān)心。
It happened during his absence．事情發(fā)生在他不在時(shí)。
In the absence of the manager，I shall be in charge．
經(jīng)理不在時(shí)，由我負(fù)責(zé)。
The visitors to Venice notice at once the absence of noise．
去威尼斯的游客馬上會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)那里沒(méi)有噪音。
7．The style and atmosphere in their poems have often led to comparisons with poets such as Du Fu and Li Bai．(P.28)
譯文：他們?cè)娢闹械娘L(fēng)格和氣氛經(jīng)常使人們把他們的詩(shī)作與像杜甫、李白那些詩(shī)人的詩(shī)歌相比較。
[講解]atmosphere名詞，常用單數(shù)，意為“大氣層；某一地方的空氣；氣氛、情緒”。
[例句與例詞]
a smoky atmosphere煙霧騰騰
The talk went on in a friendly atmosphere．
會(huì)談在友好的氣氛中進(jìn)行。
There is always an unpleasant atmosphere in the office．
辦公室里總有一種令人不悅的氣氛。
[講解]comparison名詞意為：相比、對(duì)比、對(duì)照。常用短語(yǔ)和句型有：by／in comparison with...(與……相比；相比之下)；There is no comparison(between...)(沒(méi)有什么可比性)；bear／stand comparison with sb.／sth.(比得上某人／某事)。
[例句]
It's useful to make a comparison between two things．
把兩件事情相比是有益的。
By／In comparison with him，you are cleverer．與他相比，你更聰明。
My garden doesn't stand／bear comparison with his．
我的花園比不過(guò)他的。
-Is he as good as her at English？
-There is no comparison(between them)．
--在英語(yǔ)上，他倆誰(shuí)更好？
--他倆根本無(wú)可比性。
8．Besides，no matter how well translated，something of the spirit of the original is lost．(P.28)
譯文：此外，無(wú)論翻譯得多么精彩，原作中的部分精神也會(huì)丟失。
[講解]現(xiàn)在，我把besides，except，but的區(qū)別比較一下：
① except與besides用于肯定句時(shí)，except意為“not including除……之外(不再有)”；besides意為“in addition to除……之外(還有)”試比較：
We all passed the exam except Tom．
除Tom沒(méi)及格外，我們都及格了。(Tom沒(méi)及格)
We all passed the exam besides Tom．
除了Tom外，我們也都及格了。(Tom也及格了)
注意：besides在句中的位置較活，可放在句首，亦可放在句中；而except多放在句中。
② except前幾乎總有all，any，every，no及其復(fù)合詞等，而besides前可用也可不用，依句意而定。如：
He answered all the questions except the last one．
除最后一個(gè)問(wèn)題沒(méi)有答外，其余問(wèn)題都答了。
I have a few friends besides you．除了你之外，我還有幾個(gè)朋友。
All of them went to Beijing last summer besides Tom．
除了湯姆外，他們?nèi)ツ晗奶煲捕既チ吮本?/p>
③ except和but都可接名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞原形，可以互換；但except后接副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、when從句等時(shí)，but不可替換except。如：
He has always been in high spirits except recently．
除近來(lái)外，他總是精神飽滿(mǎn)。(副詞)
The window is never opened except in summer．
除夏季外，這扇窗戶(hù)從不打開(kāi)。(介詞短語(yǔ))
He has always been busy except when it is Sunday．
除星期日外，他總是很忙。
④ but，except后都可接that從句作賓語(yǔ)，but，except可以互換。如I asked nothing from him but／except that he should write to me every other week我只要求他每?jī)芍芙o我寫(xiě)一封信。
⑤ 以上比較了except、besides、but作介詞的區(qū)別，另外，besides還可用作副詞，意為“in addition；also；moreover；furthermore而且；還有”的意思。課文中這個(gè)句子里的besides就是它副詞的用法。如：I don't want to go；besides，I am too tired．我不想去，再說(shuō)我也太累了。
This is my best suit；I have two other besides．這是我最好的一套衣服，我另外還有兩套。
[講解]original ①形容詞，意為“原先的、最早的、最初的；非抄襲的、原版的”，此外original還有“新穎的、獨(dú)特的、與眾不同的”意思。注意：此詞無(wú)比較級(jí)；②名詞，(繪畫(huà)、正式文件等的)原物，原件，原作品。
[例句或例詞]
I am the original owner of the book．我是這本書(shū)的原主人。
an original painting by Xu Beihong徐悲鴻(所作)原畫(huà)
an original idea／invention新穎的見(jiàn)解／發(fā)明
Where is the original？原件在哪里？
9．Reading poetry in English also opens the door to finding new ways of expressing yourself in Chinese．(P.28)
譯文：讀英文詩(shī)歌還能使你開(kāi)啟一扇大門(mén)，在那兒，你可以找到更新的用漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)思想的方法。
[講解]ex英語(yǔ)前綴意為out，press意為“按、壓”(原意：“壓出”→)及物動(dòng)詞 ①[具體]壓出、榨油；②[抽象](把話(huà)、感受等從心里壓出→)表達(dá)、表示。
[例句與例詞]
express juice of oranges榨桔子汁
express what you feel表達(dá)個(gè)人感受
Robert can express himself in Chinese now．
羅伯特現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)能用漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)思想了。
10．Quietly，we embrace．In a world lit up by words．(P.28)
譯文：我們靜靜地相擁在這個(gè)用語(yǔ)言照亮的世界里。
[講解][em(in的變化) + brace(大括號(hào))；原意：“進(jìn)入括號(hào)內(nèi)”→]vt. ①包括，包含(include)→ ②擁抱、摟抱。
[例句]
The moment she saw his son，she embraced him．
看到她的兒子，她就抱他。
That case embraced 3 people．那個(gè)案子涉及3人。
11．Modern English came into being from about the middle of 16th century．(P.28)
譯文：現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)大約形成于十六世紀(jì)中葉。
[講解]come into being(existence)形成、開(kāi)始存在。為不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，所以不可用被動(dòng)；bring...into being(existence)使……形成、存在。
[例句]
When did the universe first come into being？
宇宙是什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始形成的？
Who brought the new regulation into being？這新規(guī)定是誰(shuí)制定的？
12．I also like reading，though I used to avoid poetry．(P.31)
譯文：雖然過(guò)去我不愿讀詩(shī)歌，可現(xiàn)在我愿意讀了。
[講解]avoid v.后接名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)。意為：①避開(kāi)、躲避(某人、物)keep oneself away from sb.／sth.；②防止發(fā)生(某事)；預(yù)防stop sth. happening；prevent。注意：avoid后只接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)，不可接不定式做賓語(yǔ)。
[例句與例詞]
To avoid being caught in the rain，he ran home．
為了不趕上雨，他跑著回了家。
I think he is avoiding me．我認(rèn)為他在躲著我。
Try to avoid accident．盡量避免發(fā)生事故。
13．I started with small poems，but now I most like long poems．(P.31)
譯文：開(kāi)始時(shí)，我讀一些小詩(shī)，現(xiàn)在我更愿意讀長(zhǎng)詩(shī)。
[講解]start with意為：“以……開(kāi)始”；start as意為“作為……開(kāi)始、開(kāi)始時(shí)是……”
[例句]
We started our English learning with ABC．
我們是以學(xué)ABC開(kāi)始我們的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的。
As a VIP，he started as only a clerk．
作為一名大人物，他開(kāi)始只是一名小職員。
14．Ask your teacher to recommend poems to you．(P.32)
譯文：請(qǐng)你的老師為你推薦一些詩(shī)歌。
[講解]recommend動(dòng)詞，意為“推薦、介紹、建議”，常用句型為：①recommend sth.／sb.推薦某物／人；②recommend sb. sth.／sb.=recommend sth/sb. to sb.把……推薦／介紹給……；③recommend sb. to do sth.建議某人做某事；④recommend + that從句(that從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should + 動(dòng)詞原形，should可省略，“建議某人做某事”；⑤recommend sb.／sth. + as／for + 名詞，推薦／介紹……當(dāng)……
[例句]
Can you recommend a novel？你能推薦一本小說(shuō)嗎？
The professor recommended me warmly．那位教授熱忱地推薦了我。
The teacher recommended us to read novels in origin．
老師建議我們讀原版小說(shuō)。
They recommended that the match be held in China．
他們建議比賽在中國(guó)舉辦。
He recommended Lao Li as an experienced technician．
他推薦說(shuō)老李是一個(gè)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的技術(shù)員。
She recommended me for the Party membership．她介紹我入黨。
My uncle recommended me to the manager．我叔叔把我介紹給經(jīng)理。
I have been recommended that medicine。有人向我介紹那種藥。
15．Collect your favorite poems in a notebook and ask your friends to contribute to it．(P.32)
譯文：把你最喜歡的詩(shī)歌收集在你的筆記本中，讓你的朋友們也往里面增添些新詩(shī)歌。
[講解]contribute動(dòng)詞，意為“貢獻(xiàn)、捐(款)、投(稿)、出(力)、起(作用)、分享(=have a share in)”。常用句型有：①contribute sth.②contribute + to-infinitive③contribute sth. to(towards)sth.④contribute to sth.。
[例句]
Everybody is called to contribute ideas．
要求人人都想辦法出主意。
Low wages and high prices contributed to increase the discontent of the people of that country．低工資、物價(jià)高增加了那個(gè)國(guó)家人們的不滿(mǎn)。
He contributed all his time and energy to his work．
他把所有時(shí)間和精力都獻(xiàn)給了工作。
Laziness contributed greatly to his failure．
懶惰是他失敗的最重要的原因。
The fine weather contributed to the success of the expeditions．
好天氣是這次遠(yuǎn)征的原因。
Ⅱ．Language points and grammar focus語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)與語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)
A．Language point語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)
師：下面我將依次講解在此欄目中點(diǎn)擊的五個(gè)難點(diǎn)。
1．But whether buses or trains，or boarding aeroplanes，there wasn't a door she'd get through．(P.25)
譯文：但無(wú)論是汽車(chē)還是火車(chē)，還是天上的飛機(jī)，都沒(méi)有她能進(jìn)的門(mén)。
[講解]“whether...or...”用來(lái)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)，意為“無(wú)論／不管……還……”，此外，還可說(shuō)成：“no matter whether...or...”。or后可接not或與前面意義相反的詞。另外有些省略了whether...or...結(jié)構(gòu)，已經(jīng)成為習(xí)語(yǔ)，如：sink or swim，rain or sunshine等。
[例句]
Whether you go or not，I will go．不管你去還是不去，我都去。
I am going whether it is raining or not．無(wú)論下不下雨，我都要去。
Whether you like or not，you'll have to do it．
無(wú)論你喜歡還是不喜歡，你非做不可。
Whether or not it rains，I'm giving a party tomorrow？
不管是否下雨，明天我都要舉辦一個(gè)晚會(huì)。
I'll go，whether you come with me or stay at home．
無(wú)論你跟我來(lái)還是留在家里，我都要走。
Sink or swim，I shall do it．無(wú)論成敗，我都要承擔(dān)此事。
The football match will be held，rain or sunshine．
足球賽定期舉行，風(fēng)雨無(wú)阻。
2．Shakespeare is most famous for his plays．(P.25)
譯文：莎士比亞以他的戲劇最為著名。
[講解]the most放在多音節(jié)形容詞前，意為“最”，是最高級(jí)的表達(dá)形式。但most前不加the，意為：“非常”，等于“very”。
[例句]
This is the most difficult book I've ever read．
這是我讀過(guò)的最難的一本書(shū)。
This is a most difficult book．
這是一本很難的書(shū)。(This is a very difficult book．)
3．Usually remembered for other work than their poetry are eighteenth century poets such as Pope and Johnson．(P.28)
Greatly loved in China，are the English Romantic poets．(P.28)
譯文：不是因?yàn)樵?shī)，而是因?yàn)槠渌茏髯屓瞬荒芡鼞训倪�有的18世紀(jì)的蒲伯和約翰遜等。
英國(guó)浪漫主義詩(shī)人深受中國(guó)人的喜愛(ài)。
[講解]在英語(yǔ)中，有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子某個(gè)成分而進(jìn)行倒裝，有的把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞提前，有的把過(guò)去分詞提前，有的把現(xiàn)在分詞提前。
① 謂語(yǔ)置于句首。如
I'm going back to Washington to fight for it，believe you me．我要回到華盛頓為此而斗爭(zhēng)，你相信我吧。(強(qiáng)調(diào)believe)
Go I can't．我不能去。(強(qiáng)調(diào)主要?jiǎng)釉~go)
They have promised to finish the work and finish it they will．他們保證完成這項(xiàng)工作，而且他們一定會(huì)完成的。(強(qiáng)調(diào)主要?jiǎng)釉~finish)
② 過(guò)去分詞置于句首。如：
Also discussed was a proposal to reduce the sales tax...也討論了減少銷(xiāo)售稅的建議……(這里倒裝是由于句子主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng))
Also said to be under consideration is a performance in Beijing．據(jù)說(shuō)也考慮在北京舉行。(這里過(guò)去分詞與also連用，全句強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)performance，倒裝也與上下文銜接有關(guān))
③ 現(xiàn)在分詞置于句首。如：
Covering much of the earth's surface is a blanket of water．
地球表面上許多地方都布滿(mǎn)水。
Attending the party were 700 students from 15 universities and colleges．
參加晚會(huì)的有來(lái)自15所大專(zhuān)院校的700名學(xué)生。
4．More and more people are interested to read modern poetry in English．(P.28)
譯文：越來(lái)越多的人們對(duì)讀英國(guó)的現(xiàn)代詩(shī)歌感興趣。
[講解]be interested in doing sth.表示感興趣的事情不太具體，是抽象概念；be interested to do sth.表示感興趣的事情很具體。
[例句]
Are you interested in playing football？你對(duì)足球感興趣嗎？
I'd be interested to hear your opinion about this．
我到想聽(tīng)聽(tīng)你對(duì)這個(gè)事情的看法。
5．Reading poetry in English also opens the door to finding new ways of expressing yourself in Chinese．(P.28)
譯文：讀英文詩(shī)歌還能使你開(kāi)啟一扇大門(mén)，在那兒，你可以找到更新的用漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)思想的方法。
[講解]注意本句中to為介詞，介詞to后表示有動(dòng)作的意味時(shí)，該詞用其動(dòng)名詞形式。類(lèi)似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有：be used to doing sth.習(xí)慣于做某事；devote...to doing sth把……貢獻(xiàn)給……；contribute...to doing sth把……貢獻(xiàn)給……；look forward to doing sth.盼望做某事。
[例句]
He is used to getting up early．他已習(xí)慣早起床了。
He has contributed himself to serving the people．
他把自己的一切都獻(xiàn)給了為人民服務(wù)上。
He is looking forward to seeing you soon．他正盼望早些見(jiàn)到你。
B．Grammar focus語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)
The Past Participle used as Adverbial
用作狀語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞
本單元課文中出現(xiàn)了許多過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的句子，您能把這一語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象講解一下嗎？
師：無(wú)論過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)還是現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)，分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)都要和主句的主語(yǔ)一致。過(guò)去分詞與主句的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、原因、讓步或伴隨等，這種過(guò)去分詞通常相當(dāng)于狀語(yǔ)從句。下面我將舉例說(shuō)明。
1)表時(shí)間
(When the metal is)Heated，the metal expands．加熱后，這種金屬會(huì)膨脹。(The couple took good care of the baby while(the couple was)occupied by their work．這對(duì)夫婦一邊工作，一邊很好地照顧這個(gè)嬰兒。
像第二句那樣當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)踐概念時(shí)，過(guò)去分詞之前可用連詞when，while。
2)表原因
(As he was)Greatly surprised，he couldn't say a word．
他大吃一驚，一時(shí)說(shuō)不出話(huà)來(lái)。
(Because she was)Scolded by the teacher，the girl felt unfair．
那姑娘因受老師責(zé)備，而憤憤不平。
3)表讓步
Even if(I were)invited，I wouldn't go．即使受邀請(qǐng)，我也不愿去。
Though(they were)defeated again and again，they went on fighting．盡管一再遭受挫敗，他們?nèi)匀焕^續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗。
4)表伴隨
He stared at me(he was)astonished．他兩眼瞪著我，驚恐萬(wàn)狀。
Einstein walked along the street，(he was)lost in thought．愛(ài)因斯坦漫步街頭，沉浸在思索中。
Ⅲ．Skills of the four essential abilities：listening，speaking，reading and writing聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)四項(xiàng)基本能力的學(xué)習(xí)技巧
1．Listening skills聽(tīng)力技巧
Make sure about the desire，request or the matter one side will deal with in a long dialogue
明確較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話(huà)中一方的愿望、請(qǐng)求或即將要做的事
我們以前學(xué)過(guò)這類(lèi)檢測(cè)點(diǎn)包含明確對(duì)話(huà)中一方的愿望、請(qǐng)求或即將要做的事的簡(jiǎn)短對(duì)話(huà)的聽(tīng)力技巧嗎？
師：我們?cè)诘谝徽碌淖詈笠还?jié)學(xué)過(guò)應(yīng)對(duì)檢測(cè)點(diǎn)集中于對(duì)話(huà)中的“一方要求另一方做某事”的聽(tīng)力題的方法�！耙环揭罅硪环阶瞿呈隆睂�(shí)際上就是一方的愿望或請(qǐng)求，或即將要做的事。
在第一章這一節(jié)里，我們分析過(guò)被檢測(cè)或被設(shè)問(wèn)這類(lèi)對(duì)話(huà)的三個(gè)特點(diǎn)。①在反映一方的愿望或要求中，肯定有要求另一方做或不做某事的祈使句、建議句或請(qǐng)求句；②一方的愿望或請(qǐng)求反映在他／她否定了另一方的請(qǐng)求或要求后做出的反要求中；③一方的愿望或要求反映在他／她解釋性話(huà)語(yǔ)的邏輯推理中。
這類(lèi)檢測(cè)題與第一章第十節(jié)的設(shè)問(wèn)形式一樣嗎？
師：一樣。仍是下列這些設(shè)問(wèn)形式：
1．What does the man／woman ask／advise the woman／man(not)to do？
2．What does the man／woman want／tell the woman／man(not)to do？
3．What does the man／woman order／warn the woman／man(not)to do？
4．What is the man／woman going to do？
5．What does the man／woman wish／promise the woman／man to do？
我們應(yīng)該熟悉這些設(shè)問(wèn)形式，只要在審題時(shí)讀到這類(lèi)設(shè)問(wèn)，就可以立刻確定這段對(duì)話(huà)的一個(gè)重要檢測(cè)點(diǎn)，那么這類(lèi)較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話(huà)的另一設(shè)問(wèn)應(yīng)該用什么有效的方法應(yīng)對(duì)呢？
師：我們應(yīng)該把從上述設(shè)問(wèn)審題節(jié)省的時(shí)間用于另一設(shè)問(wèn)的審題，再迅速而準(zhǔn)確地確定另一設(shè)問(wèn)的檢測(cè)點(diǎn)，并且努力從兩個(gè)設(shè)問(wèn)與選項(xiàng)里找到它們內(nèi)在的聯(lián)系。
這類(lèi)聽(tīng)力題的較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話(huà)有什么共同的特點(diǎn)嗎？
師：剛才我已經(jīng)羅列了這種較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話(huà)的三個(gè)特點(diǎn)，根據(jù)這三個(gè)特點(diǎn)，在聽(tīng)對(duì)話(huà)錄音時(shí)，要把主要精力集中在被檢測(cè)方表示愿望或請(qǐng)求的話(huà)語(yǔ)上，從中得出正確答案，同時(shí)對(duì)在對(duì)話(huà)中出現(xiàn)的另一設(shè)問(wèn)的檢測(cè)點(diǎn)的相關(guān)線(xiàn)索，也應(yīng)非常敏感，迅速把握，正確做出判斷。
可否用一實(shí)例把上面您講授的審題與聽(tīng)音的方法在解決具體問(wèn)題的過(guò)程中做些演示？
師：請(qǐng)看下例：
1．What is the man going to do soon？
A．Have a sound sleep．
B．Leave for a holiday．
C．Go to heaven to enjoy himself．
2．What does the woman ask the man to do when he gets there？
A．To have a good rest．
B．To write her a letter．
C．To give her a phone call．
請(qǐng)你分析一下這兩個(gè)設(shè)問(wèn)及其選項(xiàng)給你提供了些什么信息。
從第一個(gè)設(shè)問(wèn)中，我們可以知道對(duì)話(huà)中的男方即將要做的事有三種可能：A．好好地睡一覺(jué)；B．外出度假；C．上天堂自得其樂(lè)(這純屬無(wú)稽之談，可在審題時(shí)就將其否定。)那么聽(tīng)音時(shí)，首先該把精力集中在男士表示要做的事的話(huà)語(yǔ)上。從第二個(gè)設(shè)問(wèn)中，我們可以得知女士請(qǐng)求男士在到那里后有可能做的三件事：A．好好休息；B．給她寫(xiě)封信；C．給她打個(gè)電話(huà)。因此聽(tīng)音時(shí)，應(yīng)很好注意女士所做請(qǐng)求的祈使句。
師：實(shí)際上，你如果細(xì)心的話(huà)，而且有很強(qiáng)的邏輯推理能力，你基本上不聽(tīng)對(duì)話(huà)錄音就能夠選出第一設(shè)問(wèn)的正確答案。你來(lái)試試？
從第二個(gè)設(shè)問(wèn)里的“當(dāng)他到那里”這個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句表達(dá)的意思，第一個(gè)設(shè)問(wèn)的正確答案應(yīng)該是B項(xiàng)，您看我選得正確嗎？
師：聽(tīng)完這段對(duì)話(huà)，你就完全可以自己判斷你的答案是否正確。請(qǐng)聽(tīng)下面這段對(duì)話(huà)：
M：Sarah，I'm going away for two weeks' vacation．
W：Justin，I envy you indeed．
M：No phones，no alarm clocks，no work．
W：Sounds like heaven．What are you going to do there？
M：Play，eat，sleep，just rest．
W：Well，Justin．Drop me a line when you get there before you start sleeping．
聽(tīng)完這段對(duì)話(huà)，我確信我剛對(duì)第一個(gè)設(shè)問(wèn)選的答案是正確的。因?yàn)閷?duì)話(huà)中的男方在對(duì)話(huà)一開(kāi)始就說(shuō)他要外出度兩周的假。隨后那女士說(shuō)她很嫉羨這個(gè)男士。男士接下來(lái)描述了他在這兩周的假期中的美好生活：沒(méi)人給他打電話(huà)，沒(méi)有鬧鐘響，用不著干活，多么地愜意呀！然后女士稱(chēng)贊說(shuō)這聽(tīng)起來(lái)真像是天堂中的生活，并問(wèn)男士在那里打算做些什么事，男士告訴她說(shuō)他要盡情地玩、吃和睡覺(jué)，足足地休息。最后女士囑咐他說(shuō)睡覺(jué)前記住drop her a line，雖然我以前沒(méi)學(xué)過(guò)drop sb. a line，但我可以有把握地說(shuō)這個(gè)詞組的詞義是給她寫(xiě)封信。因?yàn)锳項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容是與睡覺(jué)重復(fù)的動(dòng)作，而C項(xiàng)的“給她打個(gè)電話(huà)”都與前面聽(tīng)到的對(duì)話(huà)內(nèi)容不大吻合。所以我選B項(xiàng)。您看我的解題過(guò)程使用上面您介紹的審題與聽(tīng)音的方法了嗎？
師：首先我應(yīng)告訴你，你選的答案是完全正確的。然后我可以從你解題的效果來(lái)檢證你的學(xué)習(xí)情況的優(yōu)劣。另外，我還應(yīng)指出，做這類(lèi)較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話(huà)的聽(tīng)力題，審題仍是正確解題的前提與基礎(chǔ)，而聽(tīng)音過(guò)程是驗(yàn)證自己在審題過(guò)程中所做的推斷是否正確，進(jìn)一步核實(shí)或否定自己審題時(shí)的推斷。
2．Oval practice口語(yǔ)訓(xùn)練
Learn how to express one's intention and decision
學(xué)會(huì)表達(dá)自己的意圖和決定
我們應(yīng)該如何用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)我們的意圖或意向呢？
師：表達(dá)自己的意圖或意向有一些不同的表達(dá)方式，有的直截了當(dāng)，有的委婉和緩，有的語(yǔ)氣十分強(qiáng)烈。倘若選擇不當(dāng)，或因不了解西方文化背景，很可能導(dǎo)致本可以避免的麻煩。我們中國(guó)人常詢(xún)問(wèn)他人：“今天下午你要干什么呀？”“你打算什么時(shí)候結(jié)婚？”“你準(zhǔn)備什么時(shí)候把夫人接來(lái)呀？我們很想看看她長(zhǎng)得是否與你般配呀？”如此等等。雖然這些表達(dá)意愿和希望的話(huà)語(yǔ)都是關(guān)心與友好的表示，但它們很不符合西方人對(duì)個(gè)人隱私的看法和態(tài)度，因?yàn)樯鲜鲈?xún)問(wèn)的事純屬西方人認(rèn)為個(gè)人的隱私，除非是被詢(xún)問(wèn)人的至愛(ài)至親，否則應(yīng)采取“只可聞不可問(wèn)”的態(tài)度。
在英語(yǔ)表示一般愿望時(shí)，我們常常用I want to...；I hope to...或I'd like to...，如要表示那些強(qiáng)烈但又實(shí)現(xiàn)可能性不大的愿望或是希望過(guò)去業(yè)已發(fā)生的事沒(méi)有發(fā)生的意向時(shí)，則用I wish that從句；How I wish that從句；If only...等句式。
要表達(dá)的意愿只是一種將來(lái)的安排時(shí)，英語(yǔ)往往采用下列句式：I'm／We've going to...；I／We plan to...；I will...或I won't...等。
在別人邀請(qǐng)你或要求你做某事，但你不太愿意做某事時(shí)，你可以這樣表示：I think it will be too difficult to...；I'm not very interested in...so...；I think it will be boring to...；I don't feel like...；I'd rather(not)do...。這些表達(dá)方式比較委婉。
我們應(yīng)該怎樣用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)我們所做的決定呢？
師：在我們表示所做的決定時(shí)，我們常用以下這些表達(dá)方式，如：
1．I'm confident I've made the right choice．
2．I'm anxious to know what your decision is．
3．I've definitely decided to go to France．
4．You shouldn't say anything to influence my decision．
5．It took me a long time to make up my mind．
6．I want to persuade you to change your mind．
7．I always refuse to change my mind when I've made a decision．
8．I know it's inconvenient，but I still want to do it anyway．
請(qǐng)您給我們舉幾個(gè)表示意圖和決定的對(duì)話(huà)實(shí)例，好嗎？
師：請(qǐng)看以下四個(gè)表示意愿或決定的對(duì)話(huà)實(shí)例：
[例1]
A：I'm interested to listen to the lecture about the Big Bang and black holes．
B：Why are you interested in that lecture？
A：Firstly because I'm anxious to know what time is，how the universe began and what black holes exactly are；secondly because I hope to see Stephen Hawking，the greatest scientist of our modern time．
[例2]
A：I'd like to know about how the news we read in newspapers is made and written．
B：If you're interested in such matters，you'd better have a talk with Chen Ying or Zhu Lin，two of our talented journalists．They'll help you to know the procedure about how the news is made and written．
A：Could you please let me have a talk with any of them？
B：Sure，I'll phone Chen Ying at once to see when he is free and convenient to talk with you．
[例3]
A：I'd like to know something more about Chinese traditional architecture．Could you please recommend some books about it？
B：Sorry．I'm not interested in that subject，so I hardly know anything about it．You'd better ask Professor Gu for advice．
[例4]
A：I'm anxious to know what your final decision is，to accept the position or to refuse it？
B：I've definitely decided to refuse it．
A：But you could get a good salary if you accepted the position．
B：You shouldn't say anything to influence my decision．I'm confident I've made the right choice this time．
3．Reading skills閱讀技巧
Mastering the accurate meaning of some key phrases is the foundation of having a good understanding of some difficult sentences
準(zhǔn)確理解詞組的正確內(nèi)涵是提高閱讀能力的基礎(chǔ)
師：英語(yǔ)中大量的詞組經(jīng)常被使用，是一種極為常見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象。詞組的意思往往大大地有別于組成這些詞組的單詞的詞義，如果望文生義，就會(huì)造成理解上的偏差、謬誤甚至是笑話(huà)，因此準(zhǔn)確理解詞組的正確內(nèi)涵也是提高閱讀理解能力的重要技巧之一。
1．要正確理解英語(yǔ)詞組的確切內(nèi)涵
(1)Many young people are mad about football．
[誤]很多年輕人為足球得了神經(jīng)病。
[正]很多年輕人喜歡足球運(yùn)動(dòng)到了發(fā)狂的程度。
(2)The man hunted for a job everywhere．
[誤]那個(gè)男子以到處打獵為業(yè)。
[正]那個(gè)男子在到處尋找工作。
(3)He's a sort of artist．
[誤]他是一種類(lèi)型的畫(huà)家。
[正]他有點(diǎn)像個(gè)畫(huà)家。
(4)I'll write the letter in no time．
[誤]我不用什么時(shí)間就要寫(xiě)這封信。
[正]我馬上就要寫(xiě)這封信。
(5)All of us wondered why she burst into tears all at once．
[誤]我們大家都不明白她為什么立刻失聲痛哭。
[正]我們大家都不明白她為什么突然失聲痛哭。
(6)The poor girl cried as soon as she came back to life．
[誤]那可憐的女孩一回到生活中就哭起來(lái)了。
[正]那可憐的女孩一蘇醒就哭起來(lái)了。
2．要非常注意英語(yǔ)中那些具備多種意義的詞組，而且知曉并掌握其常見(jiàn)用法
(1)Two weeks in the office should be enough to break you in．
[誤]在辦公室里兩個(gè)星期應(yīng)該是足夠的使你破門(mén)而入。
[正]在那個(gè)職務(wù)上干上兩星期應(yīng)足夠地使你適應(yīng)這項(xiàng)工作。
(2)Three men held up the train and took all the passengers' money．
[誤]三個(gè)男人舉起了那列火車(chē)而且拿走了所有乘客的錢(qián)。
[正]三個(gè)男人搶劫了那列火車(chē)而且拿走了所有乘客的錢(qián)。
(3)Don't speak to me at once．One at a time，please．
[誤]不要立刻對(duì)我講話(huà)，請(qǐng)每次就一個(gè)人說(shuō)。
[正]不要同時(shí)(一起)都對(duì)我講話(huà)，請(qǐng)每次就一個(gè)人講。
(4)If you keep on working hard like this，you'll succeed in time．
[誤]如果你繼續(xù)像這樣努力干下去，你會(huì)及時(shí)成功的。
[正]如果你繼續(xù)像這樣努力干下去，你遲早／總有一天會(huì)成功的。
(5)He can be rely rude(粗魯)but at the same time his girlfriend can't help liking him．
[誤]他雖然很粗魯，但與此同時(shí)他的女友禁不住地喜歡他。
[正]他雖然很粗魯，但他的女友還是喜歡他。
(6)All the children in the bus took up the song．
[誤]公共汽車(chē)上的孩子們都拿起了這支歌。
[正]公共汽車(chē)上的孩子們都跟著唱起了那支歌。
(7)If you don't look out，you'll catch cold．
[誤]如果你不向外看，你會(huì)感冒的。
[正]如果你不注意，你會(huì)感冒的。
(8)While looking through my examination paper，I found a few mistakes and corrected them．
[誤]在瀏覽我的試卷時(shí)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)了幾個(gè)錯(cuò)誤，并把它們更正過(guò)來(lái)。
[正]在仔細(xì)檢查我的試卷的過(guò)程中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)了幾個(gè)錯(cuò)誤，并把它們更正過(guò)來(lái)。
(9)While you're in Beijing，do look up our old teacher，he'll be pleased to see you．
[誤]當(dāng)你在北京時(shí)，一定要查找(抬頭看)我們的老教師。他見(jiàn)到你會(huì)很高興的。
[正]當(dāng)你到北京時(shí)，一定要去看望我們的老教師，他見(jiàn)到你會(huì)很高興的。
(10)Why can't she learn to live within the limits of her ability？She's always reaching for the moon and getting disappointed．
[誤]她為什么就不能學(xué)會(huì)在她的能力范圍內(nèi)生活呢？她總是伸手去夠月亮而且變得沮喪。
[正]她為什么就不能學(xué)會(huì)在她的能力范圍內(nèi)過(guò)日子呢？她總是試圖去做那些她力所不及的事，結(jié)果弄得自己很沮喪。
4．Writing capacities書(shū)面表達(dá)能力
How to write an introduction or a review of a poem
如何寫(xiě)一篇關(guān)于一首詩(shī)的介紹或評(píng)論性短文
我們應(yīng)如何用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一篇有關(guān)一首詩(shī)的介紹或評(píng)論性的短文呢？
師：要想寫(xiě)好一篇有關(guān)一首詩(shī)的介紹或評(píng)論性的短文，首先應(yīng)很好理解這首詩(shī)，理解這首詩(shī)的每行詞句的含義與這首詩(shī)創(chuàng)造出的意境，與這首詩(shī)給讀者在意境及音韻上的美感。然后用以下三段來(lái)寫(xiě)你的短文。
第一段 描述這首詩(shī)的內(nèi)容；
第二段 描述這首詩(shī)在你心目中的意象及它給你的感受；
第三段 描述你在更深入地思考這首詩(shī)時(shí)你對(duì)它的看法，而且表述你對(duì)這首詩(shī)的評(píng)價(jià)。
【同步達(dá)綱練習(xí)】
Ⅰ．根據(jù)句意，在空白處填入既適合語(yǔ)境又在語(yǔ)法上正確的單詞
1．He usually brings us some funny stories，so as soon as he comes，the _________will change．
2．He is absent _________of his illness．
3．If something _________out，it's much better or much more important than other things of the same kind．
4．If you master the English Language，you will be able to _________yourself in it．
5．He ran away to __________being caught．
Ⅱ．單項(xiàng)填空
1．―My sister is a typist at a foreign firm．
―I know this sort of work __________skill and speed．
A．a(chǎn)sks for B．calls for
C．looks for D．waits for
2．Do you know any other foreign language __________English？(MET 1985)
A．except B．but
C．beside D．besides
3．__________his wife，his daughter also went to see him(NMET l986)
A．Beside B．Besides
C．Except D．Except for
4．The discovery of the new evidence led to__________．(上海2003)
A．the thief having caught B．catch the thief
C．the thief being caught D．the thief to be caught
5．―Dad，I've finished my assignment．
―Good，and __________you play or watch，TV，you mustn't disturb me．(上海2003)
A．whenever B．whether
C．whatever D．no matter
Ⅲ．閱讀技巧
英譯漢，將下列英語(yǔ)句子譯成漢語(yǔ)，尤其要注意每句里加粗的詞組，并把它的詞義單獨(dú)譯出
1．In order to clear the air，he wrote another letter to explain what his real intention(意圖)was．
2．Columbus(哥倫布)discovered the American continent(大陸)by accident．
3．You can't decide whether a plan is good or bad until it is put into action．
4．In the old days，many Chinese children were willingly acting on their parents' advice，but things have taken a different look these days．
5．Joe was a slow student in the beginning，but soon he got ahead of most other students in the class．
6．Mind your own business！He doesn't need your advice at this moment．
7．You can't work around the clock．Too much pressure will harm your health．
8．He offered to help them under the cover of friendship，but behind it he was trying to fish for their business secret．
9．In any culture or country，there're always things that can be said only behind closed doors．
10．Don't make an exhibition of yourself．That'll do great damage to your public image(形象)．
Ⅳ．書(shū)面表達(dá)練習(xí)
閱讀下面這首由美國(guó)詩(shī)人愛(ài)默生寫(xiě)的英詩(shī)，然后用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)篇評(píng)價(jià)這首詩(shī)的短文。
A Nation's Strength
Ralph Wall Emerson
Not gold，but only man can make
A people great and strong；
Men who for truth and honor's sake
Stand fast and suffer long．
Brave men who work while others sleep，
Who dare while others fly；
They build a nation's pillar deep
And lift them to the sky．
注：愛(ài)默生生于1803年，死于1882年，美國(guó)的詩(shī)人和散文作家，為先驗(yàn)主義(apriorism)作家的代表。
參考答案
【同步達(dá)綱練習(xí)】
Ⅰ．
1．a(chǎn)tmosphere 本句意為：“他經(jīng)常給我們帶來(lái)有趣的故事，所以他一到氣氛就變了”。
2．because 本句意為：“他因病缺席”。
3．stands
4．express 本句意為：“如果你精通英語(yǔ)，你就能用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)自己”。
5．a(chǎn)void 本句意為：“他逃跑了以免被抓”。
Ⅱ．
1．B 見(jiàn)hot words and hot phrases 1。
2．D 見(jiàn)hot words and hot phrases 8。
3．B 見(jiàn)hot words and hot phrases 8。
4．C 見(jiàn)language points 5。
5．B 見(jiàn)language points 1。
lead to意為“導(dǎo)致”，to是介詞，后加動(dòng)名詞
Ⅲ．
千萬(wàn)不要認(rèn)為一句話(huà)中的單詞都認(rèn)識(shí)，就可以很好地理解這個(gè)句子。因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)中很多單詞是多義詞，而且那些常用詞經(jīng)常在新的組合中有著區(qū)別于它們?cè)镜囊馑�，必須學(xué)會(huì)在具體的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中對(duì)它們做合理的推測(cè)，必須在日常的學(xué)習(xí)中不斷地認(rèn)真熟記一些常用詞組的詞義。日積月累，積少成多，從而提高自己的閱讀能力，下面是此練習(xí)的答案。
1．為了消除誤解，他又寫(xiě)了一封信解釋自己真正的意圖。
clear the air：消除誤解/會(huì)
2．哥倫布是偶然地發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲新大陸。
by accident偶然地
3．在一項(xiàng)計(jì)劃未付諸實(shí)施前，很難說(shuō)它是好還是壞。
put...into action把……付諸實(shí)施
4．在過(guò)去，中國(guó)的孩子們都愿意按照家長(zhǎng)們的要求去做事，而現(xiàn)今的情況就不大一樣了。
act on one's advice按照某人的建議／忠告去做
5．起初喬是個(gè)落后的學(xué)生，但是很快地他就超過(guò)班上大多數(shù)同學(xué)。
get ahead of...超過(guò)……，比……強(qiáng)，領(lǐng)先于……
6．甭多管閑事！眼下他不需要你出的招兒。
mind one's business不要多管閑事。
7．你不能連軸轉(zhuǎn)地干活。太大的壓力會(huì)危害你的健康。
around the clock日夜不停地，連軸轉(zhuǎn)
8．他打著友誼的幌子，主動(dòng)幫助他們，但在這個(gè)幌子下卻在挖空心思地刺探他的商業(yè)秘密。
under the cover of...打著……的幌子，以……為借口
fish for刺探
9．在任何文化或國(guó)家中，總有一些不能公開(kāi)談?wù)摰氖虑椤?/p>
behind closed doors背地里，私下，不能公開(kāi)
10．不要讓自己出洋相，這樣會(huì)大大有損于你的公共形象。
Make an exhibition of oneself使自己出洋相
Ⅳ．
反復(fù)地閱讀了這首兩段的英語(yǔ)詩(shī)，我們注意到英語(yǔ)詩(shī)也有著嚴(yán)格的節(jié)奏和韻律。在這首詩(shī)的兩個(gè)段落里，每段都是四行，第一行與第三行含有八個(gè)音節(jié)，第二行與第四行有六個(gè)音節(jié)。第一段的一、三兩行的尾韻壓在[eik]上；二、四兩行的尾韻壓在[]上。第二段的一、三兩行的尾韻壓在[ip]上，而二、四兩行的尾韻壓在[]上。由此可見(jiàn)英語(yǔ)詩(shī)也是很講究節(jié)奏與音韻上的美感，讀起來(lái)朗朗上口。
這首詩(shī)的題目為《民族的力量》，在這首詩(shī)里詩(shī)人熱情地謳歌了那些為了真理和榮譽(yù)無(wú)私無(wú)畏地奮斗著的中堅(jiān)力量，詩(shī)歌是這樣贊美這些英雄的：
不是黃金，只有人
才能使民族偉大而強(qiáng)盛；
為了真理，為了榮譽(yù)，
他們意志堅(jiān)定，歷盡艱辛。
他們無(wú)所畏懼，別人睡覺(jué)他們做工，
別人逃遁他們大顯神勇；
他們深深地埋下民族的支柱，
并將石柱舉起支撐天空。
讀懂這首詩(shī)，我們?cè)凇倦y點(diǎn)解析】中講述的介紹詩(shī)歌的三個(gè)段落可以表述如下，僅供參考。
A Review of the Poem A Nation's Strength
The poem entitled A Nation's Strength was written by an American poet named Ralph waldo Emerson，who was a representative of apriorist writers as well as a poet．In this poem he warmly sang high praises of the backboues of a great nation，who，for the sake of the truth and honor，fight and work selflessly and fearlessly．
This poem clearly shows the great image of the nation's backbone：who stand fast and suffer long for truth and honor's sake，and who work while others sleep．There fore，they build a nation's pillar deep，and make a people great strong．After reading this poem，I am determined to become a member of the nation's backbone when I grow up．
Though the poem is short，the ideas it expresses are deep．The language in the poem is simple，but the rhythm and the rhyme are not only beautiful but easy to read aloud and learn by heart．