【基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)精講】
相關(guān)知識(shí)
What is first aid?
句子分析
1．Chen Wei and Susan are walking down the street when they see an accident．
(1) down 在此處意為“along”，“沿著”的意思。
(2) when 是并列連詞，連接兩個(gè)并列的分句，意為“這時(shí)”，“就在這個(gè)時(shí)候”，表示沒有料到的事情的發(fā)生。例如：
I was walking along the road when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind．我正在馬路上走著，這時(shí)忽然有人從后面拍拍我的肩膀。
We were about to start when it began to rain．我們正要?jiǎng)由恚驮谶@時(shí)下起雨來了。
2．Don’t reach sideways while standing on a ladder．
站在梯子上的時(shí)候，不要側(cè)著身子伸手去拿東西。
(1) reach 在此處意為“伸手取物”。又如：
The man reached for the gun but it was too far away.
那人伸手去夠槍，但是槍距離他太遠(yuǎn)了。
(2) 句中的 while standing on a ladder 是 while you are standing on a ladder 的省略。
在有些表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件等的狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果謂語(yǔ)包含動(dòng)詞 be，而主語(yǔ)又和主句的主語(yǔ)一致，那么，從句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的一部分(特別是動(dòng)詞 be)�？墒÷浴Ｓ秩纾�
Look out for cars when crossing the street．
= Look out for cars when you are crossing the street．
語(yǔ)言要點(diǎn)
1．I think she must be injured．我想她一定受傷了。
(1) must 在此處表示推測(cè)。may，can，must 都表示推測(cè)，can 用于疑問句和否定句中；may，must 用于肯定句。
-Can it be Tom?
-It can't be Tom because he has gone to Shanghai．
(2) injure 的用法在詞語(yǔ)辨析中有講解。
2．Leave her where she is．讓她留在原地。
leave 在本句中是“讓某人／某物處于某種狀態(tài)”的意思，為及物動(dòng)詞。
leave 作此義解時(shí)，通常跟形容詞、分詞、名詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，有時(shí)也跟從句。例如：
(1) You'd better leave the door open．(1eave + n + adj.)
(2) I left them waiting outside. (leave + n + doing)
(3) Don’t leave such an important thing undone. (leave + n + done)
(4) When he was twelve，his parents died，leaving him an orphan.
他十二歲時(shí)，他的父母去世，使他成了孤兒。(leave + n + n.)
(5) Don’t touch my writing table；leave it as it is. (leave + n + 從句)
本單元還出現(xiàn)以下幾句:
(6) Leave the knife in. (leave + n + adv.)
(7) Leave him／her in the car.(leave + n + 介詞短語(yǔ))
3．She's beginning to move a little.
英語(yǔ)中 begin 和 start 作“開始”講時(shí)，后面可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞。兩種結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)的意思是相同的。但在下列三種情況下，用不定式較好：
(1) 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是物而不是人時(shí)。例如：
The ice began／started to melt．冰開始融化。
(2) 當(dāng) begin 或 start 用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，如本句 She's beginning to move a little。再如:
The water is beginning/starting to boil.
(3) 當(dāng) begin 或 start 后面的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞指心理狀態(tài)或精神活動(dòng)時(shí)。例如:
I began to understand (realize) my past mistakes.
She started to wonder who had done it.
4．Take it easy．別著急。
Take it easy 有時(shí)也用 Take things easy. 是一種安慰人的用語(yǔ)，意思為“別緊張”；“別著急”；“多休息”或 “慢慢來”。
5．Right now you need to stay still until help comes. 現(xiàn)在你要靜靜地一直等幫助到來。
(1) right now 意為“現(xiàn)在”，“此刻”，是 now 的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式。
(2) need 在這里是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，后面跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)； need 還可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞跟動(dòng)詞原形連用。在反意疑問句中要根據(jù) need 為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞還是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞來決定反意部分內(nèi)容，如果為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞反意部分用 need，如果為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞則用 do (does)等。試比較:
Did you really need to spend all that money on one pair of shoes?
You needn't do that. I can do it for you.
You needn't come tomorrow, need you?
注意：need 用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，如果其主語(yǔ)是要接的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的承受者，可跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式或不定式的被動(dòng)式(與 want，require 的用法相同)。例如:
Your hair needed ；I’m glad you had it cut.
The old man needs
(3) stay still 中的 stay 是連系動(dòng)詞(remain, continue to be)，意為“停留”,“維持”； still 為形容詞(not moving)，意為“靜止的”，“不動(dòng)的”。例如:
Please stay still while I take a photo of you. 我給你照相時(shí)請(qǐng)別動(dòng)。
6．First aid, if it is quickly and correctly given, can save a person's life．
如果施救及時(shí)，方法正確，是可以挽救生命的。
save one's life 是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，意為“挽救某人的生命”，life 在此處為可數(shù)名詞，意為“生命”。例如：
The doctor has saved more than twenty people's lives since he came to this village.
7．If this is not done within five minutes, the person will die.
如果五分鐘之內(nèi)不做人工呼吸，這個(gè)人就會(huì)死亡。
within five minutes 意為“五分鐘之內(nèi)”,“不到五分鐘”。within 是介詞,意為“不超出多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”,“在多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間之內(nèi)”(after not more than the specified period of time)。又如:
She returned within an hour. 她不到一小時(shí)就回來了。
If you don't hear anything within seven days，phone again．
如果你在七日之內(nèi)還沒收到任何消息，就再打個(gè)電話來。
介詞 in 指“最多過多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”(after a maximum length of time)。例如:
She will return in a few days. 她過幾天就回來了。
It will be ready in a week. 再過一星期它就準(zhǔn)備好了。
8．Lay the person on his/her back，close his/her nose with your fingers and breathe into his/her mouth．將這個(gè)人仰面平放，并用手指捏住他的鼻子，再向他口里吹氣。
lay sb on his/her back/face/side“使某人仰臥／俯臥／側(cè)臥”。試比較
He is lying on his back/face/side．他仰臥／俯臥／側(cè)臥著。
這兩個(gè)句型的主要區(qū)別在動(dòng)詞，lay 是及物動(dòng)詞，后面跟賓語(yǔ)，意為“放、擱”；而 lie 是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面不跟賓語(yǔ)，意為“躺，位于”。其次這兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞均為不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞:
lay-laid-laid-laying; lie-lay-lain-lying
lie 如果為規(guī)則動(dòng)詞則意為“說謊”: lie-lied-lied-lying。例如:
He lay on the grass，enjoying the sunshine. 他躺在草地上曬太陽(yáng)。
Lay the books on the table, please. 請(qǐng)把書放在桌上。
Don't believe him．He is lying. 不要相信他的話，他在撒謊。
I found her lying on the floor asleep. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)她躺在地板上睡著了。
9．Repeat this as often as is necessary. 根據(jù)需要，盡量多次重復(fù)這個(gè)動(dòng)作。
as...as 作“像……一樣地”解，引導(dǎo)表示比較的狀語(yǔ)從句。第一個(gè) as是副詞，后常跟形容詞、副詞或形容詞加名詞結(jié)構(gòu)；第二個(gè) as 是連詞，常跟句子，但為了避免重復(fù)，相同成分常被省略掉。但注意，比較對(duì)象不能省略。例如:
Jimmy is as tall as his father (is tall).
He can write as fast as I (can).
He can help you as much as (it is) necessary.
Please come as soon as (is) possible.
在狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果從句的主語(yǔ)是it, 謂語(yǔ)是 is, it is 常可省略，有時(shí)也單獨(dú)省略 it。
10．Here is some advice for dealing with common injuries:
這兒有幾條關(guān)于處理普通創(chuàng)傷的意見:
(1)advice 是不可數(shù)名詞，表示一條建議用 a piece of advice。
(2)deal with 處理，對(duì)付，應(yīng)付。例如:
That man is difficult to deal with. 那個(gè)人很難對(duì)付。
How are you going to deal with the water pollution of this area?
你們打算怎樣處理本地區(qū)的水污染問題呢？
注意：do with 的意思和 deal with 基本相同，但用法不盡相同：do with 常和 what 連用，且多由疑問句或由疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，意為“怎樣對(duì)待”。試比較:
What will you do with so many letters? = How will you deal with so many letters?
你怎樣處理這么多信件？
The boys didn't know what to do with themselves when school ended?
放學(xué)后，男孩子們不知怎樣打發(fā)自己。
11．Keep them on a high shelf out of the reach of children.
把他們放在孩子們夠不著的高架子上面。
out of one's reach 是個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)，作“夠不著”，“拿不到”解，其中的reach 是名詞，意為“(手所及的)范圍”。同 out of one's reach 相對(duì)應(yīng)的短語(yǔ)是 within one's reach 意為“(在手可取的)范圍內(nèi)”。例如:
Put those bottles out of the reach of children. ( = Put those bottles out of the children's reach.)
請(qǐng)把那些瓶子放在孩子們夠不著的地方。
The child likes to have sweets within their reach．
這小孩喜歡把糖果放在他伸手可及的地方。
12．Don't leave small things on the floor or table which a baby can put in its mouth．
不要把小東西丟在地板上或桌子上，以防嬰幼兒放入口中。
(1)“l(fā)eave + 賓語(yǔ) + 介詞短語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成了 leave 的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。詳細(xì)講解已在第三條講過。
(2)in its mouth 里的 its 是 it 的形容詞性物主代詞，it以指人，尤指小孩。例如：
Who is this baby? Is it your brother?
13．What should you do if a person has drunk poison by mistake?
如果有人誤喝了毒藥，你該怎么辦?
by mistake 是一個(gè)固定詞組，意為“錯(cuò)誤地”、“無心地(做錯(cuò)了事)”。例如:
Sorry，I have taken your bag by mistake．很抱歉我拿錯(cuò)了你的書包。
14．Make the person throw up. 使這個(gè)人嘔吐。
throw up 和第五單元學(xué)的 bring up 意思相同，作“嘔吐”解。又如:
The baby was ill and threw up (brought up) everything he ate．
15．He'll be here in a short while．他一會(huì)兒回來。
in a short while = in a short time = very soon，意為“很快”、“一會(huì)兒”，while 在這里是名詞，作“時(shí)間”解。
【重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)解析】
新知講解
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 must，should 和 ought to 的意思都是“必須”、“應(yīng)該”，都可以表示義務(wù)或職責(zé)。
1．must 的用法
(1)must 表示義務(wù)或職責(zé)時(shí)，語(yǔ)氣比 should 和 ought to 重得多。表示說話人強(qiáng)烈的主觀意志，要求對(duì)方必須服從，不容爭(zhēng)辯。例如：
You must be back by twelve o’clock．
must 表示義務(wù)或職責(zé)，只用于肯定句和疑問句，其否定形式要用 don’t have to 或 don’t need to (needn’t)，意為“無須，不必”。must not 的語(yǔ)氣相當(dāng)強(qiáng)烈，意為“不可，不準(zhǔn)”，表示“禁止”、“不準(zhǔn)”。例如：
�、� You mustn't talk in the library．
�、� -Must I do it now? -No，you________.
A．needn't B．don't have to C．mustn't C．A or B
正確答案是D，不可填 mustn'to。
must 和 have to 的區(qū)別在于：must 表示說話人的主觀看法，have to 表示外界客觀需要，有“不得不”的意思，而且 have to 比 must 有更多的時(shí)態(tài)。
(2)must 還表示推測(cè)，意為“必是，一定”，在語(yǔ)氣上要比 may 肯定得多。例如：He hasn’t been here for two days．He must be ill．
(3)“must have + 過去分詞”用來表示對(duì)過去事情的推測(cè)。例如：
It must have rained last night for the ground is wet．
注意：must 表示推測(cè)時(shí)，其否定形式不是 mustn't，而是 can't (不可能)。例如：
He can't be in the classroom．I saw him playing football just now．
2．should 和 ought to 的用法
(1)should 和 ought to 也表示義務(wù)或職責(zé)，但語(yǔ)氣較弱，有勸告或建議的含義，意為“應(yīng)該”，但 ought to 的語(yǔ)氣比 should 強(qiáng)。例如：
You should study first aid with a teacher．你應(yīng)該跟老師學(xué)習(xí)急救。
You ought to drink large quantities of water．你應(yīng)該大量喝水。
(2)should 和 ought to 兩者都表示推斷或必然性，意為“按理說，總該”。例如：
She should be in the classroom by now，I think．
If he started at two，he ought to be here by now．
如果他是兩點(diǎn)鐘出發(fā)的話，現(xiàn)在總該到這兒了。
(3)“should (not) have + 過去分詞”與“ought (not) to have + 過去分詞”兩者都表示某事應(yīng)該做而未曾做或不該發(fā)生的事卻發(fā)生了。例如：
I should have come here early．我本來想早點(diǎn)來這里。
You oughtn’t to have crossed the street when the lights were red．
你本來就不該闖紅燈過馬路。
(4)should 和 ought to 的否定形式是 shouldn’t 和 oughtn’t to，表示“不該”，語(yǔ)氣比 mustn’t 婉轉(zhuǎn)，一般表示說話人認(rèn)為按常理不應(yīng)該如此。例如：
You shouldn’t get up if you are badly hurt．如果你傷很得重，就不該起來。
You ought not to write so carelessly．你不應(yīng)當(dāng)寫得這樣潦草。
注意：should 可直接提到主語(yǔ)前表示疑問，但 ought to 變疑問句時(shí)，ought 提前，to 則需放在后面的動(dòng)詞原形前。例如：
What should you do if a person has drunk poison by mistake?
如果一個(gè)人誤喝了毒藥，你應(yīng)該怎么辦?
Oughtn't we to give him a chance to try?
我們難道不應(yīng)該給他一個(gè)嘗試的機(jī)會(huì)嗎?
舊知?dú)w納
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞否定式的辨析
1.-Will you stay for lunch?
-Sorry, ________ My brother is coming to see me． (NMET’99)
A．I mustn’t B．I can’t C．I needn’t D．I won’t
點(diǎn)撥：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞否定式的辨析。mustn’t 表禁止；can’t“不能”、“不可以”，表能力、不許可或禁止；needn’t“不必”，表必要性；won’t“絕不”、“絕對(duì)不”，表決心。從上下文看“兄弟要來，所以不能”，故選 B。
2．Two years ago，my husband bought me a bicycle．If you live in a town，it is often faster than a car and you ________ worry about parking．
(93上海)
A．must not B．may not
C．should D．don’t have to
點(diǎn)撥：答案D。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知“不必?fù)?dān)心車的停放”問題。don’t have to“不必”, 相當(dāng)于 needn’t。
3.-Shall I tell John about it?
-No, you ________ I’ve told him already. (NMET'94)
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
點(diǎn)撥: 答案 A。needn't 不必，沒有必要；wouldn't 不愿意；mustn't 不準(zhǔn)；shouldn't 不應(yīng)該。從"I've told him already." 可知應(yīng)先 A，"不必"。
高考焦點(diǎn)
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞專練：
1. A computer ________ think for itself; it ________ be told what to do.
A. may not; must B. mustn't; might
C. shouldn't; could D. can't; must
2. He's two hours late. What ________ to him?
A. can have happened B. may have happened
C. must have happened D. should have happened
3. I missed the bus, so I ________ go home on foot.
A. must B. need C. may D. had to
4. Hurry up! Our teacher ________ for us in the office now.
A. may be waiting B. can be waiting
C. must be waiting D. will be waiting
5. You ________ return the book now. You can keep it till next week.
A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. may not
6. I mailed the letter two weeks ago. She ________ it.
A. must receive B. can't receive
C. might receive D. must have received
7. He ________ you more help, even though he was very busy.
A. might have given B. might give
C. should have given D. might give
8. The plant is dead. I ________ it more water.
A. will give B. would have given
C. must give D. should have given
9. The red light is on. I ________ stop.
A. can't B. need
C. must D. don't have to
10. There was plenty of time. You ________.
A. mustn't hurry B. mustn't have hurried
C. needn't hurry D. needn't have hurried
11. -Alice, you feed the bird today, ________?
-But I fed it yesterday.
A. do you B. will you
C. didn't you D. don't you
12. -When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
-They ________ be ready by 12: 00.
A. can B. should C. might D. need
13. Peter ________ come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.
A. must B. may C. can D. will
14. -Could I call you by your first name?
-Yes, you ________.
A. will B. could C. may D. might
15. Michael ________ be a policeman, for he's much too short.
A. needn't B. can't C. should D. may
16. -There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
-It ________ a comfortable journey.
A. can't be B. shouldn't be
C. mustn't have been D. couldn't have been
17. Jenny ________ have kept her word. I wonder why she changed her mind.
A. must B. should C. need D. would
18. -Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
- ________.
A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
19. He ________ without saying goodbye to them, for he always has good manners．
A．mustn't have left B．may not leave
C．shouldn't have left D．couldn't have left
20．-I am sorry that you were late for the meeting．
-You ________ on time this morning．
A．should be B．would be
C．ought to have been D．ought to be
答案：
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞專練：
1 - 5 DADCC 6 - 10 DADCD 11 - 15 BBBCB 16 - 20 DBBDC
【常用單詞積累】
重點(diǎn)詞語(yǔ)講解
1．hold up 的用法
If it is possible，hold up the part of the body which is bleeding．
如有可能，就把出血的那個(gè)部位抬起來。
(1) hold up 在此處作“抬起”、“舉起”解：又如：
Hold your hand up if you have any questions．要是你有問題就舉手。
Hold up your head! 抬起頭來!(意即別垂頭喪氣!)
此外，hold up 還有以下幾種含義：
(2)使……停頓。例如：
The strike held up production for several weeks．罷工使生產(chǎn)停頓了幾個(gè)星期。
(3)耽擱。例如：
The building of the new road has been held up by bad weather．
惡劣天氣把筑路的工作耽擱了。
2．draw 的用法
draw 作為動(dòng)詞，除了作“畫”以外，還常有“吸引；不分勝負(fù)地結(jié)束；提取(金錢)；吸(氣)；拖拉；得到結(jié)論”等含義。
(1) The football match between the Korean team and the American team was so wonderful that it drew a lot of people，though in the end they drew the match．
盡管這場(chǎng)足球賽韓美兩隊(duì)打平了，但因十分精彩而吸引了許多觀眾。
(2) I drew money from the bank．我從銀行提出錢來。
(3) She drew a deep breath．她深深地吸了一口氣。
(4) She drew the curtain．她把窗簾拉上。draw a cart．(動(dòng)物)拉車。
(5) It was difficult to draw any conclusion from the discussion．那場(chǎng)討論會(huì)很難有什么結(jié)果。
重點(diǎn)詞語(yǔ)辨析
1．hurt，injure，wound，harm 的區(qū)別。
四個(gè)詞都可以表示“受傷害”，都既可作動(dòng)詞又能作名詞，但它們的含義有區(qū)別：
(1) hurt 普通用語(yǔ)，既可指肉體上的傷害，也可指精神上、感情上的傷害。例如：
The driver hurt himself badly in the accident．
那位司機(jī)在這次事故中傷得很重。
She hurt her leg when she fell．她跌倒時(shí)，一只腿受了傷。
What they said hurt his sister greatly. 他們所說的話大大地傷害了他姐姐。
注意：指肉體上的傷害時(shí)，hurt 可與 badly，slightly，seriously 等連用；但若指精神上的創(chuàng)傷，只能用 very much/rather/deeply hurt。
(2) injure 比 hurt 正式。hurt 多指?jìng)矗?injure 則指損害健康、成就、容貌等，強(qiáng)調(diào)功能的損失。例如：
He injured an arm in a car accident．他在一場(chǎng)車禍中傷了一只手臂。
I hope I didn’t injure her feelings．我希望我沒有傷害她的感情。
Drinking can injure one’s health．喝酒對(duì)人的健康有害。
(3) wound 主要指外來暴力造成的創(chuàng)傷，尤指刀、箭、槍、戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上等受傷，程度較重，有時(shí)也可用于感情上所受的創(chuàng)傷。例如：
The soldier was badly wounded in the right leg．那士兵右腿嚴(yán)重受傷。
The robber wounded him with a knife．那強(qiáng)盜用刀刺傷了他。
(4) harm 用于肉體或精神上的傷害均可，有時(shí)可指引起不安或不便，還可用于抽象事物，尤其是指不道德的事情。例如：
Don’t harm your eyes by reading in dim light．
不要在昏暗的燈光下看書，以免損害眼睛。
Bad books do great harm．不健康的書危害很大。(不能用 hurt )
2．still，quiet，silent，calm
這幾個(gè)詞均表示“冷靜”、“平靜”，但內(nèi)涵有別。
(1) still 主要指“靜止”、“不動(dòng)”，可以指環(huán)境的安靜，也可指姿勢(shì)保持不動(dòng)，強(qiáng)調(diào)沒有動(dòng)作。例如：
The little girl stood still，except that her lips moved slightly．
那個(gè)小女孩一動(dòng)不動(dòng)地站著，只是嘴唇微微動(dòng)了動(dòng)。
How still everything is! 一切是多么安靜啊!
Still waters run deep．靜水流深(大智若愚)。
(2) quiet 主要指“安靜”，強(qiáng)調(diào)沒有聲音或動(dòng)作；也指性情溫和、安祥、文靜或生活悠閑，環(huán)境寂靜、平靜。例如：
He has always lived a quiet life．他一直過著悠閑的生活。
She is a quiet girl．她是個(gè)文靜的女孩。
(3) silent 指“沉默”，強(qiáng)調(diào)不發(fā)表意見；也指“寂靜”，強(qiáng)調(diào)沒有聲音。例如：
He said he could not keep silent any longer．他說他再也不能保持沉默了。
The hall was silent．大廳內(nèi)鴉雀無聲。
(4) calm“平靜”、“鎮(zhèn)定”，既可表示外界的安靜，又可表示內(nèi)心的鎮(zhèn)靜。例如：
He remained calm in face of the danger．面對(duì)危險(xiǎn)他鎮(zhèn)定自若。
The sea was fairly calm，and I could see all about．大海風(fēng)平浪靜，我能看到周圍的一切。
【單元口語(yǔ)交際】
表示建議和禁止做某事 Oligation
常用句型
�、� You mustn't move someone if they are badly hurt．
② We must carry her to the side of the road．
�、� You should/shouldn't do...
④ I ought to go home．
�、� Don’t do...
�、� I have to cook supper for my grandmother．
口語(yǔ)示范
A：What’s the matter，John?
B：Ouch! My knees and my hands!
A：You hurt yourself．
C：Let me have a look at your wound．
A：Oh，no．You shouldn’t touch him．
C：What should we do then?
A：Don’t worry． We mustn’t move him now．Otherwise his wound could be worse．Let him stay still．We have to get him some medicine as soon as possible．
C：If necessary，I think we should send him to see a doctor．
A：You are right．
【拓展延伸探究】
技能訓(xùn)練
非 if 條件句表示的虛擬條件
一般來說，在表達(dá)虛擬條件時(shí)，通常用 if 條件句，其基本句式為：if 條件句 + 主句。主、從句中的時(shí)態(tài)也是根據(jù)時(shí)間的不同而不同并相對(duì)固定。例如：
If I were you，I would buy a car．(和現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)
If my lawyer had been here last Saturday，he would have prevented me from going．(和過去事實(shí)相反)
但是有時(shí)卻不用條件句來表示條件，而用其它方式。在各類考試中不斷出現(xiàn)這方面的考查。如2001年上海春季高考試題中就有這樣一道選擇題：
He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball，otherwise he ________a goal．
A．had scored B．scored
C．would score D．would have scored
本題意思是：他猶豫了一會(huì)兒才踢出這個(gè)球，不然他就進(jìn)球了。其真實(shí)含義是：他沒有進(jìn)球�！斑M(jìn)球”是虛擬的，但“猶豫了一會(huì)兒”是真實(shí)的。所以本題還可理解為：如果他不猶豫的話，他就進(jìn)球了。因此，這里由 otherwise 代替了一個(gè)條件句。從 hesitated 的時(shí)態(tài)可以判定本題表示的是和過去事實(shí)相反的含義，故本題答案為 D。本題中用 otherwise 表示條件，這種情況語(yǔ)法上稱為“含蓄條件句”。
具體說來，“含蓄條件句”有下列幾種情況：
1．用介詞短語(yǔ)表示條件。這些介詞通常有：without，but for (要不是)等。例如：
Without air and water(If there were no air and water)，all living things on the earth would die．
But for the car accident (If there had not been the car accident)，we would have arrived there much earlier．要不是車禍，我們?cè)缇偷搅恕?/p>
2．用連詞 or，otherwise，but，once，though 等表示條件。例如：
He was taken to hospital at once yesterday，otherwise/or he would have died already．= If he had not been taken to hospital at once yesterday，he would have died already．
昨天他被立即送到了醫(yī)院，要不然他早就死了。
Einstein cared little for money，though he could have been very rich．= If Einstein had cared much for money，he could have been very rich．
如果愛因斯坦很在乎錢的話，他已經(jīng)很富有了。
Once lost，it would be very hard to find again．= If it were once lost，it would be very hard to find again．一旦失去了，就不容易再找回。
3．用分詞短語(yǔ)表示條件。例如：
Given more time，we could have done the task much better．= If we had been given more time，we could have done the task much better. 如果再給我們點(diǎn)時(shí)間，我們會(huì)做得更好。
Supposing it should happen，we would have to stay at home．= If it happened/should happen/were to happen，we would have to stay at home．假使那件事發(fā)生的話，我們就不得不呆在家里了。
能力培養(yǎng)
如何提高短文改錯(cuò)能力(Ⅱ)
二、句法和行文邏輯錯(cuò)誤
此類錯(cuò)誤主要表現(xiàn)在：主謂一致；并列結(jié)構(gòu)中的詞匯運(yùn)用；句意邏輯關(guān)系和句子的并列或從屬關(guān)系的錯(cuò)誤；詞性和詞語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確運(yùn)用等方面。例如：
(一)主謂一致
1．Each of the boys have got a pen and some paper．(has)
2．Gone is the days when the Chinese people suffered greatly．(are)
(二)并列結(jié)構(gòu)
1．The hard you study，the better you'll study English．(harder)
2．While he was in the office，he preferred doing something to do nothing．
(doing)
(三)句意邏輯關(guān)系和句子的并列或從屬關(guān)系
1．There can be no doubt whether English is．one of the world's widely used languages．(that)
2．None of them do not smoke．A packet of cigarettes will be enough．(All)
(四)詞性和詞語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確運(yùn)用
1．She is the best alive novelist in England．(living)
2．I always thought very high of him．(highly)
以上只是短文改錯(cuò)題中常見的錯(cuò)誤類型。要做好短文改錯(cuò)題，不僅要注意單純的語(yǔ)法或詞的錯(cuò)誤，還要注意篇章結(jié)構(gòu)上的錯(cuò)誤。在很多情況下，判斷錯(cuò)誤不能只從某個(gè)詞本身，甚至不能從一個(gè)句子本身去看，而是從上下文及整篇文章去判斷。只有通曉全文的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)，才能答好短文改錯(cuò)。
【課本習(xí)題解答】
Lesson 31
4 Practice
該練習(xí)是練習(xí)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法。參考答案如下：
1. should/must 2. have to/must 3. need not/don't have to 4. should/ought to
5. do not have to 6. must/have to 7. should not/ought not to/mustn't
8. must not/should not 9. must not 10. should/ought to
5 Practice
該練習(xí)是復(fù)習(xí) be able to,have to 的用法。參考答案如下:
1. was not able 2. will be able 3. were not able 4. will have 5. had
6. If it rains tomorrow, we won't be able to go to the park.
7. We weren't able to get the tickets for the concert, so we returned home early.
8. My brother was bitten by a dog, so we had to take him to hospital.
9. If you fall into the pool, you will have to swim to the bank.
10. If you do not feel better tomorrow, you will not have to attend that meeting.
Lesson 32
2 Writing
該練習(xí)是根據(jù)答語(yǔ)寫出問句。參考答案如下：
1. Were you able to go everywhere you wanted?
2. Did you have/need to take medicines with you?
3. Did you have to take(all the) food with you?
4. Did you have to walk all the way?
3 Writing
根據(jù)本單元所學(xué)的急救知識(shí)，請(qǐng)向你的朋友介紹有關(guān)這方面的知識(shí)。參考答案如下：
Dear Tom,
I have just spent 2 months learning how to do first aid. We had to learn three important things if someone had an accident. First, when a person stops breathing, open his/her mouth and see if there is food at the back of his/her mouth. Second, if a person cannot breath, do your best to start his/her breathing at once, using a mouth - to - mouth way. Third, if a person is injured badly, try at once to stop the bleeding. Then take him/her to a hospital.
Soon we were able to know how to deal with common injuries. When a person is bitten by an animal, wash the wound with cold running water before he/she is taken to see a doctor. When a person is burnt, wash and cool the area of the skin under the cold tap for a while. Then put a piece of dry clean cloth over the burn.
I hope you will enjoy the lesson. You will have to practise it with your teacher many times. And then you will be able to give first aid to someone who is in need of help.
Best wishes !
John
Checkpoint 8
這個(gè)單元是學(xué)習(xí)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 must, mustn't, should, shouldn't, ought to 的用法