1. stand for 代表
e.g. (1) P.O. stands for Post Office.
字母P.O.代表Post Office.
(2) P.R.C. stands for the People’s Republic of China.
P.R.C.三個字母是中華人民共和國的縮寫。
2. would rather 寧愿
寧愿做某事 would rather do sth.
prefer to do sth.
寧愿不做某事 would rather not do sth.
prefer not to do sth.
寧愿做某事而不愿做（另外）某事
would rather do sth. than do sth.
prefer doing sth. to doing sth.
e.g. I’d rather stay at home than go shopping.
3. allow v.許可；容許；承認
allow后可接名詞、代詞、動名詞或that從句作賓語。
e.g. (1) The law does not allow such actions.
法律不允許有這種行為。
(2) They don’t allow smoking here.
他們不允許抽煙。
(3) I allow that things are not easy.
我承認事情并不那么容易。
allow后還可接動詞不定式的復合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語。
e.g. (1) My parents won’t allow me to stay out late.
我的父母不允許我深夜還不回家（留在外頭）。
(2) We don’t allow such things to be done.
我們不允許有人做這樣的事。
4. every four years每四年
every 與數(shù)詞或other，few等連用，表示時間或空間的間隔，其幾個主要結(jié)構(gòu)如下：
（1）every+基數(shù)詞+復數(shù)名詞
The American people elect a president every four years.
美國人民每四年選舉一任總統(tǒng)。
Take the medicine every six hours.
每隔6小時吃一次藥。
（2）every+序數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞
He comes to see his uncle every third week.
他每三個星期來看望他叔叔一次。
（3）every +other+單數(shù)名詞，“每隔一……”
Write on every other line.
請隔行寫。
We have English lessons every other day;that is on Monday，Wednesday and Friday.
我們隔一天上英語課，就是在星期一，星期三和星期五。
（4）every +few+復數(shù)名詞，“每隔幾……”
Trees should be planted every few metres.
樹應間隔幾米種一棵。
5.compete v.競爭，比得上；比賽
compete in(a game，a match)參加
compete with/against sb.和某人競爭
compete for(a prize，a medal，the first place)角逐
e.g. (1) Will you compete in the race?
你會參加賽跑嗎？
(2) He is going to compete against/with his old friend in the second round.
第2回合時他將與老朋友競爭。
(3) There is no book that can compete with this.
沒有一本書抵得上這本的。
詞形變化：competition n.競爭；比賽，競賽
competitor n.競爭者，競爭對手
6.in modern times
time作“時代”解時，常用復數(shù)形式（times)。
in ancient times在古代
in modern times在現(xiàn)代
e.g. (1) Times have changed，and we shouldn’t fall behind them.
時代變了，我們不應落后于時代。
(2) She didn’t understand the spirit of the times.
她不理解那個時代的精神。
time作“時代”時，也可用單數(shù)形式。
in Shakespeare’s time(在莎士比亞時代)
7.more and more越來越多的……
“adj./adv.的比較級+and+adj./adv.的比較級”是一種雙重比較結(jié)構(gòu)，表示持續(xù)不斷的變化，意為“越來越……”。
e.g. (1) She is getting thinner and thinner.
她變得越來越瘦了。
(2) We are going more and more slowly.
我們越走越慢了。
［比較］the more…，the more…越……越……
e.g. (1) The more you know，the more you will realize how little you know.
知道得越多，越會體會到自己知道得多么有限。
(2) The sooner，the better.
越快越好。
(3) The older I get，the happier I am.
我越老越幸福。
8.英語中表示“參加”的詞和短語：
join， join in，join sb. in sth.， take part in，attend
(1)join“參加”指加入黨派、社會、團體等并成為其中一員。
e.g.He joined the Party in 1980.
他是1980年入黨的。
Many of them have joined the army.
他們很多人都參軍了。
join sb.“和某人一起……；和某人待在一起”
Will you join us for dinner?
和我們一起吃飯吧。
You go first，I’ll join you in a few minutes.
你先行一步，我隨后就到。
(2)join in表示“參加某種活動”，in可為介詞，可為副詞。作介詞時，此短語可用join代替。
e.g.Eight million people joined in the battle against drought.
800萬人參加了抗旱斗爭。
They danced and danced until a lot of us joined in.
他們不停地跳著舞，直到我們中間有許多人都參加了進去。
(3)join sb. in sth./doing sth.表示“參加某人所從事的活動”。
e.g.Come and join us in the game.
來和我們一起做游戲吧。
All the family join me in wishing you a happy future.
全家人和我一道祝你將來幸福。
(4)take part in指“參加群眾性活動、會議”等多用于正式場合，比join鄭重。
e.g.We all take an active part in extracurricular activities.
我們都積極參加課外活動。
I took part in the game.
我們參加了比賽。
(5)attend “參加”著重指“到場，出席(會議、典禮、儀式等)”。
e.g.She is sure to attend the wedding.
她一定會去參加婚禮。
He decided to attend the meeting himself.
他決定親自赴會。
注意：當后不接賓語時，用take part或join in。
Jim saw the new boy watching the game and asked him to take part.
吉姆看到新來的男孩在看比賽，就邀請他參加。
We are playing football.Will you join in?
我們在踢足球，你加入嗎？
9．welcome v.歡迎，迎接
e.g. (1) Welcome home/back.
歡迎回家。
(2) Welcome to Beijing.
歡迎光臨北京。
(3) welcome a suggestion warmly
熱烈地接受一項建議
(4) He welcomed his friend to his house.
他歡迎朋友到他家。
adj.受歡迎的，叫人快樂的
e.g. a welcome guest 受歡迎的客人
a welcome suggestion能被高興接受的建議
welcome news可喜的消息
(1) You are always welcome at our house.
我家永遠歡迎你。
be welcome to…“欣然允許的，可隨意做……的”
e.g. (1) You are welcome to borrow my bike.
歡迎你借用我的單車。
(2) He is welcome to the use of my books.
他可以隨意用我的書。
(3) Anyone is welcome to my share.
歡迎任何人拿走我這一份。
(4) You are welcome.
（對于他人道謝的回答）不客氣；哪里。
n.歡迎，款待；歡迎辭
e.g. (1) We received warm welcome.
我們受到了熱烈歡迎。
(2) They gave me a cold welcome.
他們待我非常冷漠。
10. prepare v.準備……，預備……；使（某人）做心理準備
e.g. (1) We must prepare for the party.
我們必須為聚會做準備。
(2) I prepared my speech for the meeting.
我為集會準備演講稿。
(3) Mother is preparing Father to enter the hospital.
母親正在為父親入院做準備。
(4) Have you prepared to go on a trip?
你已準備好去旅行了嗎？
be prepared to do…/for sth.…準備著……，做好……的準備
e.g. I am prepared for anything.
我已做好應急準備。
vt.準備做……，配制
e.g. (1) I’ll prepare a meal tonight.
今晚我要做晚餐。
(2) She prepared her father lunch.
=She prepared lunch for her father.
她為她的父親做午餐。