Lesson 51
Teaching procedures:
Step 1.Revision
1. Check the homework exercises.
2. Say something about the great scientist Albert Einstein:
In 1879 Born in Germany
When he was a young boy, Used to ask lot s of questions, didn’t enjoy school, found it hard to get along with others
By the time he was 14 Learned maths all by himself
From the year he was 17 Studied in Switzerland, earned money to go no with his studies.
In 1905 Received a doctor’s degree
Between 1905~1915 Began the research and studies leading to his new discoveries
In 1918 Received world-wide praise for his research
In 1921 Won the Nobel Prize for physics; gave talks in many countries
In 1933 Left Europe for the USA; accept the job as a professor; asked for little money; never interested in becoming rich
In 1940 Took American nationality, spent time working for human rights and progress
In 1955 Died at the age of 76
Step 2.Fast-reading
Read the second passage and answer the following question:
What was Einstein’s discovery in the text?
Light becomes bent when passing the stars.
Step 3.Detailed-reading
Now get the students to read the second text more carefully, and do the judgment on P75 with the class. The following statements are mainly based on the second text. Tell me if they are true or false.
(F) 1.Einstein proved that light traveled through space in a straight line.
(T) 2.Einstein’s discovery was completely new at that time.
(T) 3.Many of the scientists did not accept Einstein's scientific ideas at first.
(F) 4.Einstein had to stop his research because he couldn't prove his ideas.
(T) 5.By 1919 he quickly became world-famous because the scientists who had been watching the stars supported his work.
(F) 6.He took Swiss nationality in 1909 in order to study there.
(T) 7.He hated war and he thought fighting and killing in wars was wrong.
(F) 8.Germany was ruled by Hitler during the First World War.
(F) 9.Einstein and his family left Europe for the USA in 1933 because he was afraid of being killed in the war.
Step 4.Language points of the text:
1. Before Einstein, scientists believed that light travelled through space in a straight line.在愛因斯坦之前，科學(xué)家們相信光線是以直線通過太空的。
1) travel, quarrel的過去式、過去分詞以及現(xiàn)在分詞既可雙寫“l(fā)”，也可單寫“l(fā)”。而control, level, signal的過去式、過去分詞以及現(xiàn)在分詞必須雙寫。
2) 在space前一般不加冠詞，如:
in space在太空 in outer space在太空
其他有關(guān)天體方面的名詞前的冠詞大致如下:
in the universe 在宇宙中 in heaven 在天堂 in the sky 在天空中
in nature 在大自然里 on the earth/on earth, on Mars 在地球或火星上
2. But Einstein was able to prove that light coming from the stars was bent as it passed the sun. 但是愛因斯坦成功地證明了從恒星上傳來的光線在經(jīng)過太陽時(shí)被彎曲了。
1) be able to do sth. 的過去時(shí)was/were able to do sth. 常常表示“成功地做了某事”之意，相當(dāng)于managed to do sth./succeeded in doing sth./did sth. successfully. 如：
The pilot was able to land his plane safely in the end. 那個(gè)飛行員最終成功地安全著陸了。
We were able to beat Chicago Bulls in the second half. 我們?cè)谙掳雸?chǎng)打敗了芝家哥公牛隊(duì)。
2) 動(dòng)詞prove的結(jié)構(gòu)比較多，有prove sth., prove to be, prove sth. to be, prove+adj., prove+that 名詞性從句等等。如：
Einstein's theory proved (to be) correct. 愛因斯坦的理論證明是正確的。
Galileo proved that the earth moves around the sun like the other planets.
伽利略證明地球像其他行星一樣圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。
Can you prove (yourself) to be fit for the position? 你能證明自己勝任這個(gè)職位嗎?
We need to prove the will before it can take effect. 遺囑生效之前我們需要證實(shí)它。
名詞：proof［C］［U］證據(jù)
Is there any proof that she was on the spot when the murder took place?
有證據(jù)證明謀殺發(fā)生時(shí)她在謀殺現(xiàn)場(chǎng)嗎?
3. As a result, it appeared to scientists on earth that the stars had moved.
結(jié)果，在地球上的科學(xué)家看來，似乎恒星移動(dòng)了。
在本句中，appear不是不及物動(dòng)詞“出現(xiàn)”，而是系動(dòng)詞“似乎”、“看上去”，相當(dāng)于seem,其結(jié)構(gòu)也與seem相近，如：
Why do you appear/seem (to be) so pale? 你為什么顯得如此蒼白?
There appear/seem to have been great changes here in the past decade.
在過去的10年里，這里似乎發(fā)生了很大的變化。
It appears/seems that they are short of money now. 他們似乎缺少資金。
appear 是憑視覺印象產(chǎn)生的一種看法，這種看法可能與事實(shí)不符合，
look 是貌似之意，指憑視覺作出的判斷，
seem 似乎，好象，表示對(duì)某事作出判斷時(shí)，雖有根據(jù)，但仍然不是很確定；
seem, look可與like連用，但appear則不可，
seem, appear 可與動(dòng)詞不定式連用，可用于形式主語it…that的句式，look則不可。
He appears(內(nèi)心可能并不激動(dòng)，顯得)/seems(盡管外表不怎么激動(dòng)，似乎)/looks(無論外表內(nèi)心都，看上去)很激動(dòng)。
4. He worked out just how much the light would be bent; he could also work out how far the stars would appear to have moved. 他計(jì)算出了光線被彎曲的程度；他也能夠計(jì)算出恒星看上去移動(dòng)了多少。
work是一個(gè)活躍的動(dòng)詞，不僅本身有許多詞義， 還可以和一些介詞或副詞組合成詞組。除了work out以外，還有下列詞組曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)在中學(xué)英語課本中：work on 做；制作，work hard at 致力于。本課中work out意為“解出”，但它還有一些其他的語義。如：
He was working out the code messages. 他正在解密碼信息。
5. But Einstein stuck to his opinion and went on with his research. 但是愛因斯坦堅(jiān)持自己的意見并繼續(xù)研究。
1)stick是多義動(dòng)詞，也是名詞。如：
We gathered some dry sticks to make a camp fire. 我們撿了些干樹枝生篝火。
The old man cannot walk without a walking stick. 這位老人沒有拐杖不能行走。
The man stuck his fork into a potato. 那個(gè)男人用叉子叉了一塊土豆。
Stick a stamp on an envelope before you put it into the mail-box.
把信投進(jìn)信箱前在信封上貼上郵票。
The key(was) stuck in the lock. 鑰匙卡在鎖里了。
2)stick 還可以和幾個(gè)介詞或副詞構(gòu)成詞組，如：stick at顧慮，stick out突出，stick together彼此忠誠友愛 等等。本課中stick to是“堅(jiān)持”的意思。又如：
After the marriage, the couple will stick to each other all their lives.
婚禮之后，夫婦將終生廝守在一起。
They stuck to the experiment until they got the satisfactory result.
他們堅(jiān)持實(shí)驗(yàn)直到得到滿意的結(jié)果。
stick to 堅(jiān)持原則、計(jì)劃、決定、意見等；
insist on 堅(jiān)持看法、主張等；
persist in 一般用于堅(jiān)持行動(dòng)，有時(shí)用于固執(zhí)己見或堅(jiān)持不改
6. From that time on Einstein was greatly respected as the leading scientist of the century.從那時(shí)起愛因斯坦被尊崇為本世紀(jì)最杰出的科學(xué)家。
1) respect常常被用作普通及物動(dòng)詞，或被用于respect sb. for sth.或respect sb. as sth兩種結(jié)構(gòu)，前者表示“因?yàn)槭裁炊鹁茨橙恕�，后者表示“將某人作為什么來敬重”。如�?/p>
I wish people would respect my privacy. 我希望人們尊重我的隱私權(quán)。
respect也可以被用作名詞，意為“尊敬”“敬意”或“方面”。如：
The prime minister is held in the greatest respect. 首相備受擁戴。
respectable 可敬的； respectful 尊敬人的
2) from that time on 意為“自從那時(shí)起”，常與過去時(shí)連用。注意since that time/since then/ever since then 也表示“自從那時(shí)起”，但它們必須與完成時(shí)連用，如：
From then on, he began to read the newspapers and magazines in French.
從那時(shí)起，他開始閱讀法文報(bào)紙和雜志。
3) leading是lead(領(lǐng)導(dǎo))的現(xiàn)在分詞，在句中作scientist的定語，意為“主要的”或“杰出的”，又如：
Who is the leading actor in the film? 片子的男主角是誰?
7. He had taken Swiss nationality in 1901 and therefore did not have to join the army, as Switzerland did not take sides in the war. 他在1901年加入瑞士國籍，因此可以免于參軍，因?yàn)槿鹗渴侵辛?/p>
1) nationality一詞來自nation-national, 意為“國籍”，提問時(shí)常用what, 如：
-What's your nationality? -你是哪個(gè)國家的?
-I'm of German nationality. /My nationality is German. -我是德國人。
2) therefore是副詞，意為“因此”，注意它與so有所區(qū)別，so既是連詞，也是副詞，而therefore是副詞，在引導(dǎo)并列句時(shí)需加and，或者單列大寫，如
It rained yesterday, and therefore we had to put off our football match.
It rained yesterday；therefore we had to put off our football match.
It rained yesterday. Therefore we had to put off our football match.
3) take sides(with sb.)/take the side(of sb.)意為“同意、偏袒、支持(某人)”，be on one’s side如：
We were careful not to take sides for fear of getting into trouble.
我們留心不偏袒某一方，以免陷入麻煩。
Take sides in sth.參加；參與
8. What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.他所希望的是取消世界上所有的軍隊(duì)。
1) what he wanted to see 是名詞性從句作主語，如：
What I saw was quite different from what I had heard.
我所見到的與我所聽到的大相徑庭。
2) end在本句中是名詞，意為“終極”，如：
put an end to sth. come to an end
The story came to an happy end. 故事的結(jié)局美滿。
9. When Germany was ruled by Hitler in the early 1930's, Einstein, who was a Jew, found it impossible to continue living in Germany. 20世紀(jì)30年代早期，德國處于希特勒控制之下，作為猶太人的愛因斯坦發(fā)現(xiàn)不能繼續(xù)在德國住下去了。
rule在本句中是動(dòng)詞，意為“統(tǒng)治”。rule還可以作為名詞使用，意為“規(guī)則”或“統(tǒng)治”，如：
It's against the rules to handle the ball in soccer.在英式足球中用手傳球是違反規(guī)則的。
Step 5.Practice
1) P3, Part 4. Get the students to fill in the gaps with prepositions and adverbs. The students are told to do the work individually first and then check the answers with the class.
Answers: 1~7: out, on, to, of, with, of, up
2) P74, Exx3~4; 3) P76, Exx1~2; 4) P77, Exx1~2
Get the students to do the exercises and then check the answers with the students. Answers: (P74, Ex.3)
1. I can do everything at home except cooking.
2. She helps with cooking and washing besides looking after the child.
3. All of us, except Wang Ling, will go to the evening party.
4. Three other people also won the prize besides Li Dong.
5. She is fond of arts and music besides sports.
6. He is all right with all his lessons except maths.
Homework
(1) Finish off the exercises of Lesson 50~51 in the Foundational Ex. Book.
(2) Revise the key points of these two lessons.