eaching aims and demands教學目的和要求
類
別 課程標準要求掌握的項目
話
題 Talking about science and scientists
Talking about people
詞
匯 undertake analysis obvious within agriculture gravity
curious branch debate scan boundary graduate research
wheelchair disable theory seek misunderstand scientific
observe match predict unhappiness crime astronomer
microscope telescope heaven intelligent patient experiment
Work on go by go on with dream of tum out use up
be satisfied with take a 1ook at
what if the other way round
功
能
1． 描述人物(Describing people)
…you are twenty-one years old and a promising graduated student…
The scientist is curious and careful．
He is also intelligent and patient．
2． 辯論(Debating)
I think biology is the most important and useful science because…
That’s correct． That’s true．
It’s clear that… I doubt that…
It’s hard to say． Well，maybe，but…
There's no doubt that… What’s your idea?
Have you thought about…?
語
法
動詞不定式(短語)作主語、賓語、定語和狀語：
1．動詞不定式(短語)作主語：
To obey the law is everyone's duty．
Hawlking explaines what it means to be a scientist．
2．動詞不定式(短語)作動詞賓語： ．
Scientists try to describe and explain what we see．
3．動詞不定式(短語)作定語：
That win be the only thing to do now．
4．動詞不定式(短語)作狀語，表示行為的目的、結果、原因等：
Learn from the past mistakes to avoid the future ones．
We were surprised to find him there.
He travelled around to give lectures.
Listening material for Page 2
1 This woman is one of the greatest scientists of all times. Even her name tells you that she likes science: a good scientist should want to find out manswers and ask many questions. In other words they should be curious. This woman was certainly curious. Together with her husband, she tried to learn the secrets of radioactivity. The couple were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903. Eight years later,she received a second Nobel Prize, this time forchemistry.
2 It is said that this English gentleman was sitting in his garden one day when suddenly he was hit by a falling apple. The story is probably not true, but this man did mention that he got one of his best known ideas while watching apples fall from a tree. His name makes you think that he was not too interested in old things. He discovered the force of gravity, and he drew up a system of how objects move. His laws for motion are still used in physics today, at least in schools and universities.
3 Food is what sets this great mind on fire. Rice, to be exact. This great mind has spent most of his life looking for ways to help farmers grow more rice so that all of us will have enough food to eat. He is known as the father of modem rice, but because of his long friendship with all the farmers in China, he would rather be known as “the farmer”.
Answers to the exorcises:
Great Mind No 1: Madame Curie
1 This great mind was on fire for radioactivity.
2 The scientist's name is similar to the English word
curious, meaning being interested in something.
(Curie sounds like the beginning of curious.)
Great Mind No 2: Sir Isaac Newton
1 This great mind was on fire for gravity.
2 The scientist's name is similar to the English word
for something not old. (New-Newton)
Great Mind No 3: Yuan Longping
1 He is known for his work with rice / in agriculture.
2 He wants to be called the farmer.
3 Various answers are possible. They are all passionate
about what they do. / They are on fire for something.
They have all made important contributions to
science and society.
Great Mind No 4: Various answers are possible.
Listening material for Page 81
Part 1
Scientists often look at nature in order to find new ideas.In ancient times, Chinese scientists studied how spiders make silk. Modern scientists are interested in the spider,too. A spider can make silk that is much stronger than most man-made materials. A spider's silk doesn't break easily. Instead of breaking, it gets longer. Best of all, the spider produces the silk without the use of dangerous or poisonous chemicals. If we could learn to use the technique, we might be able to use the strong silk to make things like seat belts and wires that hold up bridges.
Part 2
There are many other examples of how new technology has been developed by learning from nature. A group of German scientists wanted to find out why leaves and flowers are able to stay so clean. They decided to take a closer look at the white lotus, a flower that is known for its clean leaves. At first, the scientists believed that a very flat leaf would be better at staying clean. However,when they looked closely at the white lotus, the scientists saw that the leaf was in fact covered with tiny hairs and needles. The needles and hairs collect the dust that falls on the leaf so that a raindrop can easily wash it off. The German scientists used this technique to design a new kind of paint. The new paint could keep houses looking clean for years.
Scientists also believe that the butterfly could teach us a way to keep our computers cool. A computer must be kept cool to function well. The fans we use today are not always good enough. The butterfly is cold-blooded and must change its body temperature all the time. Scientists have found that there are small parts on its wings that the butterfly uses to change its temperature. If scientists can learn how this is done, it may be possible to use the samemethod to keep computers from becoming too hot.
Answers to the exercises:
Part 1
1 A spiders can make silk that is much stronger than
most man-made materials.
2 A spider's silk doesn't break easily.
3 Best of all, the spider makes the silk without the use
of dangerous or poisonous chemicals.
4 If we could learn to use the technique, we might be
able to use the strong silk to make things like seat
belts and wires that hold up bridges.
Part 2
Background information
閱讀下面材料，回答下列問
( A )
A black hole itself is invisible because no light can escape from it. In fact, when black holes were first hypothesized( 假設 ) they were called "invisible stars. " If black holes are in-visible, how do we know they exist? This is exactly why it is so difficult to find a black hole in space! However, a black hole can be found indirectly by observing its effect on the stars and gas close to it. For example, consider a double-star system in which the stars are very close. If one of the stars explodes as a supernova( 超新星 ) and creates a black hole, gas and dust from the companion star might be pulled toward the black hole if the companion wanders too close. In that case, the gas and dust are pulled toward the black hole and begin to orbit around the event horizon and then orbit the black hole.
The gas becomes heavily compressed( 壓縮的 ) and the friction
( 摩擦 ) that develops among the atoms changes the kinetic( 運動的 ) energy of the gas and dust into heat, and x-rays aregiven off. Using the radiation( 射線 ) coming from the orbiting material, scientists can measure its heat and speed. From the motion and heat of the spreading matter, we can infer" the presence of a black hole. The hot matter circling near the event horizon of a black hole is called an accretion disk.
John Wheeler, a well-known theorist, compared observing these double-star systems to watching women in white dresses dancing with men in black tuxedos within a dimly lit ball- room. You see only the women, but you could predict the existence
of their invisible partners because of the women 's spinning and whirling( 旋轉 ) motions around a central axis( 軸 ). Searching for stars whose motions are influenced by invisible partners is one way in which astronomers search for possible black holes.
The selection mainly tells us ___________.
Key: what a black hole looks like
Animal or plant What it can do How we could use it
Spider It can make strong silk without using dangerous or
Poisonous chemicals. We could use it to make better seat belts and stronger
wires to hold up bridges.
White Lotus
It keeps its leaves clean using tiny hairs and needles. We could use the same technology to make paint
that would stay clean.
Butterfly The butterfly uses small parts on its
wings to change its temperature. We could use the same method to keep computers
cool.
( B )
Stephen Hawking in China
Stephen Hawking, the disabled author of A Brief History of Time is launching his second journey to China in Hang-Zhou of Zhejiang Province. His first visit was over 10 years ago.
The great theoretical scientist has been invited to attend a state-of-the-art mathematics research institute at Zhejiang University, Hangzhou-based Dushi Kuaibao reported.On Sunday evening, he made his debut at a press conference held at Shangri-La hotel, Hangzhou. Hawking appeared at about 5:00 p.m. with his wife.
The 50-year-old man answered a total of nine questions with the help of his computer."Experts in theoretical science are dispersed around the world but we need communication. I am very glad that the world's first-class conference is being held in China this time, "he said.
I find the real universe much more interesting than the one in the film Star Wars," Hawking joked. "I encourage young people to study theoretical physics first if they are interestedin it. Stephen Hawking has worked on the basic laws which govern the universe. With Roger Penrose he showed that Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied( 隱含 ) space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end in black holes. These results indicated it was necessary to unify General Relativity with Quantum Theory, the other great scientific development of the first half of the 20th century.
One consequence ( 結果 ) of such a unification theorywould be that black holes would not be completely black, but emit( 防射 ) radiation and eventually evaporate( 蒸發(fā) ) and disappear. Another conjecture is that the universe has no edge or boundary in imaginary time. This would imply that the way the universe began was completely determined by the laws of science.
But the talented man who has produced such rich work suffers serious Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (肌萎縮性脊髓索硬化)。 He is one of the 350,000 sufferers in the world. The disease kills over 100,000 people every year."I like life and I love life, my family and music give me the greatest happiness,” smiled Hawking, who can only move three fingers.
In the coming year, Hawking said he is scheduled to write a new edition of A Brief History of Time for young children.
"A Brief History of Time is my first book for common people. But I later found that I could write it in a more simple way," he answered. "So I decided to rewrite it so that all people can read it easily. "
(1)It is obvious that Hawking _________.
A. comes to China for the first time
B. has never been to China before
C. has been to China twice
D. hopes to come to visit China one day
(2)What do the underlined words“ are dispersed” in the fifth paragraph mean?
A. Live together.
B. Live far away from.
C. Know each other better.
D. Have connection with each other
Keys: (1) C (2) B
Reading guide to the text、
閱讀本單元課文，完成下列各題：
§1.1 細枝末節(jié)
(Passage 1)
★1. Why did Stephen Hawking think：“There did not seemmuch point in working on my PhD”?
A．Because there was no point in being a PhD．
B．Because there was no hope of being a PhD．
C．Because he thought he would die soon．
D．Because he had no place to work．
★2. Hawking became famous in the 1970s because___________ .
A．he was disabled
B．he was a PhD
C．he was sitting in a famous chair
D．he made new discoveries about universe
★3. According to the passage，what does “an American accent ” mean?
A．Hawking' s accent．
B．Hawking’ s voice．
C．Sounds translated by the computer．
D．Accent of some British people．
(Passage 2)
★1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in Passage 2 ？
A．Copernicus． B．Stephen Hawking．
C．Zhang Heng． D．Thomas Alva Edison．
★2. What is Zhang Heng’ s invention?
A．Seismograph． B．Microscope．
C．Telescope． D．A map of the heavens．
★3. Which of the following can properly describe a great scientist?
A. curious, different B. curious，creative，imaginative
C．different，creative D．creative，imaginative
§1.2 主旨大意
★1. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of
Passage 1 ?
A．Hawking is famous for his new discoveries．
B．People should come to terms with their fate．
c．A scientific theory is always wrong．
D．Anyone with great determination will achieve his success．
★2. What’s the main idea of Passage 2 ?
A．It’s important and necessary for a scientist to make a
difference．
B．How scientists make a difference．
C．Everyone should make a difference．
D．People should believe themselves．
§1.3 推理判斷
★1. From Passage 1，we can infer that _______ ．
A．Hawking got married to Jane Wilde before he fell ill
B．Science is always true
C．Hawking is an American
D．great scientists always want to know more
★2. From Passage 2，we can infer that _______ ．
A．Copernicus was famous for his microscope and telescope
B．Francis Bacon was a famous scientist
C．in the past，people only know the earth
D．Zhang Heng’ s seismograph worked at that time
Keys: CDCDA BDADD
Language points
1. within prep. 在……范圍以內(nèi)
adv. 在里面；在內(nèi)心
eg: I shall be back within half an hour.
Stay within hearing distance of the house.
It wasn’t within my power to help her.
Outwardly, he repented, but within, he felt no remorse.
練習：
Don’t leave matches or cigarettes on the table ____ reach of little children.
A. into B.wihout C. within D. with [C]
1．Stay within hearing distance of the house．(英譯漢)
2．They finally came within sight of the shore．(英譯漢)
2.undertake vt.. make oneself responsible for;
agree(undertook;undertaken)
(1) 承擔(某事物)，負起(某事物的責任)
eg：She undertook the organization of the whole scheme．
她負責整個計劃的組織工作。
(2) 同意或答應做某事
eg：He undertook to finish the job by Friday．
他同意周五前完成工作。
【拓展】undertake是一個副詞+動詞型的合成動詞，類似的有overhear(偷聽，無意中聽)，underline(在……下畫線；強調(diào))。
練習： Although she had enough free time．she didn't _______to
look after her sick mother．
A underline B understand
C underplay D．undertake [ D ]
3.
curious adj. eager，interested好奇的；好求知的
curiously adv． 好奇地，奇怪地
eg：be curious about sth．對某事感興趣，好奇
be curious to do sth.
be curious + that從句
He was curious to know what would happen
他很想知道會發(fā)生什事。
I am curious why she was late for school．
我很想知道她為什么上學遲到。
She is too curious about her neighbors’business．
她太好管鄰居的閑事。
They looked at her curiously．他們好奇地看著她
Curiously enough，he didn't like music．
說也奇怪，他并不喜歡音樂。
4. similar adj. like；of the same sort類似的，相似的
eg：We have similar opinions．我們都有類似的意見。
Similar triangles have equal angles．相似三角形有相等的角。
【拓展】be similar to和……相似，類似
eg：My opinions are similar to his．我的意見和他的意見相似。
5. represent v. sign，symbol or example of
(1) 代表，象征
eg：The rose represents England．玫瑰花是英格蘭的象征。
(2) represent sth．(to sb．) 陳述某事物(作為抗議或申訴)
eg：They represented their hard life to the Governor．
他們向總督訴說他們的艱難生活。
練習：I will represent to him the risk he is running．(英譯漢)
6. branch n. arm-like division of a tree；division of a river，road，railway etc．sub division of a family；subject of knowledge
(1)n．①樹枝
eg：He climbed up the tree and hid among the branches．
他爬上樹藏在樹枝后面。
②(河流、公路、鐵路或山脈的)分支，支線，支流
eg：a branch of the Rhine萊茵河的支流
③(家族的)分支；(知識的)分科
eg：His uncle's branch of the family emigrated to Australia．
他的家族中叔父這一支系已移居到澳大利亞。
④(屬于某大公司或機構的)地方辦事處或分店
eg： The bank has branches in all parts of the country．
該銀行在全國各地設有分行。
(2)vi．①長出枝，長出分叉
eg：Most trees branch thickly in suitable enviroment．
大多數(shù)樹木在適宜的環(huán)境里茂密地分出枝權。
②(道路)分岔
eg： The road branches after the level-crossing．
這條路在經(jīng)過平面交叉道口后岔開了。
【警示】該詞后不能接賓語，也不用于被動語態(tài)。
【拓展】(1)branch off(指車輛或大路)轉人或轉為小路
eg：The car in front of us suddenly branched off to the left．
我們前面的那輛汽車突然轉入左邊的小路上去了。
（2）branch out(into sth．)向新的方向擴展自己的活動或興趣
eg：The company began by specializing in radios but has now decided to Jbranch out into computers．
該公司開始時專營無線電器材，現(xiàn)在已決定擴展業(yè)務經(jīng)營計算機了。
練習：1.我們在各大城市都有分店。(漢譯英)
2．Follow the main road to the end，and then take the road that branches off to the right．(英譯漢)
7．Promise n.&v. written or spoken undertaking t0 do，or not to do sth..
(1) n. ①[C]承諾，諾言，契約
eg：He gave me a promise of helping me．他答應要幫助我。
Don't forget your promise to keep the secret for me．
不要忘記替我保守秘密的諾言。
【拓展】
give／make a promise許諾
keep a promise遵守諾言
break a promise違背諾言
eg：He made／gave a promise that he would buy a gift for me．
他許諾他會給我買份禮物。
Everyone should keep a promise．人人都要守信。
Don't make friends with one who always breaks a promise．
不要和總是不守信用的人交朋友。
②[U]指望，希望，前途eg：
He is an engineer of promise．他是有希望(前途)的工程師。
(2 ) v. ①有……的希望，恐怕(可能)會
eg：She promises to be a good wife．她渴望做個好太太。
警示】promising adj. 有希望、有前途的、前途光明的
eg：a promising actress 有前途的女演員
The weather is promising．天氣可望好轉。
②允諾，答應
that從句
promise sth.
sb. to do sth.
eg：They promised(us)that they would respect our decision．
他們答應會尊重我們的決定。
Promise(me)never to trouble me again． 答應(我)絕不再麻煩我。
【警示】 在promise sb．to do sth．結構中，to do的邏輯主語不是sb．而是主句的主語，而permit sb．to do sth．中to do的邏輯主語是sb．。請比較下面兩個句子：．
He promised me to come earlier．他答應我他早點
He permitted me to leave． 他允許我離開。
7. survive v. continue to live or exist；live longer than；remain alive after
(1) 比……活得長
eg：She survived her husband for ten years．
她比她的丈夫多活了十年。
(2) 幸免于，從……中逃生
eg：The house survived the storm．
經(jīng)過暴風雨襲擊，這所房屋并未倒塌。
(3) 繼續(xù)生存或存在
eg：Of the six people in the plane that crashed，only one survived．在失事飛機上的六個人，僅有一人幸存。
【警示】survive的名詞為survivor，是通過去e，然后加or構成的，意為“生存者、殘存者、生還者”而其他動詞，很少有這樣的構詞形式
eg：love-lover愛人、戀人 save-saver救援者
8. engage v. be bound by a promise to marry；take part in；employ
(1)使(某人)訂婚(多以過去分詞當形容詞用)
eg：
Mary engaged herself to a Frenchman．= Mary was engaged to a Frenchman．瑪麗和一個法國人訂了婚。
(2)從事于、忙于(多以過去分詞當形容詞用)
eg：He wants to engage(himself)in foreign trade．
他想從事對外貿(mào)易。
Please wait a minute；he is engaged just now．
請稍等一會，他正有事呢。
with sth．
【警示】‘‘忙于”可用be busy （in）doing sth.
eg：He was busy doing his homework．
而engage in后常用名詞。
He was engaged in his homework．他正忙著(做)作業(yè)。
(4) 雇用，聘
eg：He engaged my sister as his secretary．
他聘用我妹妹當秘書。
【拓展】engage for保證，擔保
eg：That's all I can engage for．我所能擔保的僅此而已。
練習： They _______engaged for one year．Now they are engaged_______ preparation for the wedding．
A．were；to B．have been；to
C．became；in D．have been；in [ D ]
9.seek v. (1)尋找，探索，追求
eg：He is seeking an answer to the problem．
他正在尋找問題的答案。
He found it worthless to seek fame．
他發(fā)現(xiàn)追求名聲是不值得的。
(2)征求，請求
eg：He sought his doctor's advice．他征求醫(yī)生的意見。
【警示】"向某人尋求某事"seek sth．from sb．如用ask則表達為ask sb．for sth．
eg：You must seek permissions from the manager．
You must ask the manager for the permission．
你需請求經(jīng)理批準。
(3)設法，試圖(后常跟不定式)
eg：They are seeking to mislead us．
他們竭力誤導我們。
He sought deceive his parents but in vain．
他試圖欺騙雙親，但白費心機。
【拓展】①seek sb．／sth．out找出或找到某人／某物
eg：We sought her out to tell her of her success．
我們找到她，告訴她成功了。
②seek after／for尋找、探索、追求
eg：He is seeking after wealth and power and position．
他追求財富、權勢和地位。
③be much sought after非常搶手，各方搶著要
eg：The critic is much sought after these day．
最近，那個評論家成了各方互相爭搶的紅人。
④seek one's fortune(習語)尋找致富及成功之道
練習：They______ punish him for his crime but he escaped．
A．seek to B．sought to
C．seek fo D．sought for [ B ]
10．Match v.& n. be equal to．be corresponding with；contest ,game
(1)v. ①與(某物)相配(尤指顏色)
eg：These curtains won't match your carpet．
這些窗簾和你那塊地毯不相配。
②找到與……相似或相配的東西
eg：Can you match this wallpaper?
你能找到和這塊壁紙相配的嗎?
③與……相匹敵
eg：No one can match her at chess．下
國際象棋誰也比不上她。
【拓展】 match up一致，符合
match up to sb．／sth．與……同樣好或相當
eg：The two statements don't match up．兩份說明不相符。
The film didn't match up to my expectations．
這影片沒有我想得那么好。
(3) n． ① 火柴
eg：a box of matches一盒火柴
② 比賽、競賽eg：a football match足球比賽
【警示】
match v．“和……相配；和……相稱；使較量”，一般指兩樣東西互相匹配或兩人的能力勢均力敵、互為對手。
Fit v. “使適合；使相配”，一般指衣服、鞋帽等合體、合身，強調(diào)大小、尺寸與某人的身材合適。
Suit v．“適合于；相配”，一般指氣侯、食物、花色、款式、設計等適合某人.`
This hat matches your jacket perfectly．
這頂帽子跟你的夾克十分相配。
We must find carpets that'll match the curtain．
我們必須尋找可和這些窗簾搭配的地毯。
I can't match her at chess．我下棋比不上她。
The two pieces of furniture don't match．
這兩件家具不搭配。
These shoes fit me very well．
這雙鞋子我穿著大小正合適。
I don't think this jacket fits me；it's rather too small．
我想這件上衣不適合我，太小了。
This climate doesn't suit her．
這種氣候不適合她。
Rich food doesn't suit my stomach．
油膩的食物不適合我的胃口。
The color of the dress suits her very well．
這衣物的顏色很適合她。
練習：This hat _____ your jacket perfectly．
A．suits B．makes
C．matches D．fits [ C ]
11. predict v. tell in advance預言，預報，報告
eg：The earthquake had been predicted several months before.
這次地震早在幾個月以前 就發(fā)布了預報。
【警示】
predict + or --→ n.預言者、預報者、預測器
prediction n．預言，預報
Predictable adj. 可預言的，可預測的
eg：predictable behaviour可預料的行為
Do you take seriously his prediction of a government defeat．
他預料政府要受挫，你認為這話靠得住嗎?
名詞(詞組)
12．
according to + 代詞(詞組)
according as + 從句
eg：You will be praised or blamed according as your work is good or bad．你將依照你工作成績的好壞而受到獎懲。
According to my watch，it is 5 o'clock．
我的表顯示的是五點鐘。
Each man will be paid according to his ability.
每個人的工資將視其能力而定。
練習： He will be punished according to the seriousness of his crime．(英譯漢)
13．turn out 結果(是)；證明(是)；原來(是)；后常接“(to be)+
adj./n.”，亦可接副詞。
eg：If the day turns out wet，we may have to change our plans．
萬一下雨的話，我們也許得改變計劃。
The night turned out cold and rainy.
那個晚上結果是寒冷且下雨。
The rumor turned out(to be)true．
那謠言后來證明是真的。
The plan turns out well．
那項計劃結果很圓滿。
Ite turned out(to be)a spy．他竟然是一名間諜。
【警示】可構成句型：It turns out that…“結果是……；后來證實……”。
eg：It turns out that she has never been marrled．
結果是她根本沒結過婚。
It turned out that two travellers had been killed．
后來證實有兩位旅客喪生。
【拓展】
(1)turn into把……變成 (2)turn back往回走、折回
(3)turn down調(diào)低、關小、拒絕 (4)turn in交還、上繳
(5)turn off關掉 (6)turn on打開 (7)turn over翻轉
(8)turn to翻到、轉向……，求助 (9)turn up出現(xiàn)、到達
練習：We can go outing tomorrow．The wether will_____ fine．
A．turned up B．turned out
C．turned over D．turned down [ B ]
14.
patient adj. 有耐心的，能容忍的
n. 病人
patience n. 耐心、耐性、忍耐力
eg：You should be more patient with others．你應該多容忍他人一些。
The hospital has a lot of patients．那家醫(yī)院患者很多。
This kind of work requires much patience．
這種工作需要很大的耐心。
【拓展】
lose／run out of one's patience 失去耐心
We have lost／run out of our patience after three hours’waiting．
三個小時的等待之后，我們失去了耐心。
15．make a difference 產(chǎn)生差別；有影響；起重要作用eg：
I admit that makes a difference．我承認那與眾不同。
Yousupport will certainly make a difference in our cause．
你的支持當然會對我們的事業(yè)起作用。
【警示】常用it作形式主語，后接wh-從句。
eg：It makes a difference which you choose．
你選擇哪一個，事關重大。
It makes no difference to me whether he goes or not．
不管他去或是不去，對我都無關緊要。
16. what if (1) 如果……怎么辦，即使……又有什么關系
eg：What if they don't come? 如果他們不來怎么辦?
What if he gets angry? 即使他生氣又有什么關系?
What if they should be thieves? 如果他們是賊的話怎么辦?
What if she finds out that you have lost her book?
倘使她發(fā)現(xiàn)你弄丟了她的書，怎么辦?
What if we fail/failed/should fail？萬一我們失敗了，怎么辦?
What if a storm should come up? 暴風雨要是來了怎么辦?
What if I fail? 即使我失敗了又能怎樣?
(2)what if還可以用來表示“建議、邀請或要求”，從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時。
eg：What if you join us for lunch？
【拓展】
(1)What is called所謂
(2)What about……怎么樣
(3)What's more而且
17. laugh at
(1)因……而發(fā)笑 eg：
He laughed at the funny story．他聽到那個有趣的故事而發(fā)笑。
(2)嘲笑eg：Don't laugh at a person who is in trouble．不要嘲笑陷于困境的人。
【拓展】①laugh away以笑消除 ②laugh down以笑打斷／拒絕
18．punish vt．懲罰；處罰
The murderer was punished by death．
那殺人犯被處以死刑。
Drunken driving should be punished severely by the law．
酗酒開車應受到法律嚴懲。
He narrowly escaped being punished．他差一點受到懲罰。
【警示】
常用于punish sb．for doing sth．結構。
His father punished him for telling lies．
他父親因他說謊而處罰他。
The teacher punished him for cheating on the exam．
老師因為他考試作弊而處罰他。
19．
use up
run out 用光，耗盡
run out of
We used up all the bread at breakfast．
早餐我們吃光了所有的面包。
Thev have used up their money．
=Their money has been used up．
他們把錢用光了。
We are running out of water．
=Water is being run out of．
=Water is running out．水快用完了。
All our supply of food has run out．
我們所有的存糧都用光了。
練習： With drink and food_______，the prisoner had to
walk out of the cave where he was hiding．
A．run out B．run out of
C．use up D．using up [ B ]
20．含point的幾個句型及詞組小結
to the point切題
when it comes to the point到了關鍵時刻
be on the point of doing sth.when
正要做某事時突然(發(fā)生另外一件事)
There is no point in doing sth. 做某事沒有作用或沒有意義
Point out 指出
練習：一--shall we have a talk with her and tried to persuade her not to see a movie tonight?
--There is no_______talking to her．She never listens．
A．good B．value C．point D．worth [ C ]
難點
1. Imagination is more important than knowledge．
想像力比知識更重要。
(1)在這個句子中，我們應注意more…than．．．的正確理解，漢語意思為“比……更……”。
eg： He works more and better than he used to．
他的工作比過去做得更好。
Some students think chemistry is more interesting than physics．
有些學生認為化學比物理更有意思。
(2)另外more…than…還可譯作“與其……倒不如……”
eg：The child was more frightened than hurt．
這孩子的傷倒不算什么，只是受驚不小。
The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammar．
這本書看來與其說是一本語法書，倒不如說是一本詞典。
2. It takes a very unusual mind t0 undertake analysis of the obvious．
分析明顯存在的事物需要非凡的頭腦。
(1)在這個句中take作“需要，要求”講。
eg：The journey from London to Oxford takes about an hour and a half．
從倫敦到牛津大約需要一個半小時。
It'll take a long time for her to recover from the illness．
她的病需要很長時間才能痊愈。
3．…they are studying something that is too large or too difficult to observe directly，…
他們正在研究一些太大或太難而無法直接觀察到的東西。
too…to太……而不能／而沒有
eg：He is too angry to speak．他太生氣了，以致說不出話。
He went too late to see her．他去得太晚了而沒有見到她。
但是，該句型有時卻不表示否定，而表示肯定，有以下三種情況：
(1)如果too后為glad，pleased，happy，eager，anxious，willing，ready(甘心的、情愿的)，easy 等表示心情(情緒)的形容詞時，該句型表示肯定意義，這時too相當于very。
eg：Mary is too willing to study Chinese．
瑪麗很愿意學習漢語。
The old man is too easy to get angry．
那個老頭很容易生氣。
(2)當too前有副詞only，but，a11修飾時，該句型也表示肯定意義。這時only(but，a11)too相當于very very，語氣較強。
eg：I shall be only too pleased to come．我將非常高興來。
We are but too glad to do s0．我們非常愿意這樣做。
(3)如果too前有否定詞never，not，即never／not too…to…的形式；或不定式前有not時，即too…not to do的形式，均表示肯定意義。
eg：This lesson is not too hard to understand．
這一節(jié)不太難，容易理解。
You are too clever not to learn English well．
你很聰明，能學好英語。
練習： He is careless find out all the errors in the composition．
A．too；to B．very；to
C．much；to D．rather；to
Grammar
一 不定式的用法
不定式由“to+動詞原形”構成其否定形式是"not to do”。
不定式可以帶賓語或狀語構成不定式短語，
沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。
to do 一般式
不定式的主動式有 to have done 完成式
to be doing 進行式
被動式最常用的是 to be done。
不定式的用法主要有：主語、賓語、表語、定語、賓語補足語、狀語,但不能作謂語。
1.作主語：不定式短語作主語時，往往放在謂語之后，用it作形式主語。 例：To see is to believe．
It is right to give up smoking．
It is a great pleasure to talk with him.
It is important for us to learn English well.
It is kind of you to help me so much.
注意：
要想說明不定式的動作是由誰發(fā)出，可在不定式前加for sb.；但如果是形容詞
careless, clever, foolish, good, impolite, kind, nice, silly, stupid 等作表語時用of sb.
2.作賓語：不定式短語作賓語時，如果還帶有賓語補足語，往往把不定式賓語放在賓語補足語之后，而用it作形式賓語。
eg：e wanted to go．
I find it interesting to work with him．
Most of them don't know how to solve the problem.
You can decide whether to stay at home or play football.
注意：
有些動詞后如：know, decide, find out, show, learn, teach, tell, wonder 常用 動詞+疑問詞+不定式 的形式。
3.作定語: 一般放在被修飾的名詞或代詞之后。
eg：I have some books for you to read．
注意：
(1)作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式
動作的地點、工具等，不定式后面須有相應的介詞。
eg：He is looking for a room to live in．
There is nothing to worry about．
Please give me a knife to cut with．
但是，不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time，place或way，不定式后面的介詞習慣上要省去。
eg：He had no money and no place to live．
(2)當作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的承受者時，不定式既可以用主動語態(tài)，也可用被動語態(tài)，但其含義有所不同。試比較：
(1)Have you anything to send? 你有什么東西要寄嗎?
(不定式to send的動作執(zhí)行者是you)
②Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎?
(不定式to be sent的動作執(zhí)行者是已被省略的me或someone else)
4.作狀語: 表示目的、原因、結果或條件
eg：I came here to see you．(目的)
We were very excited to hear the news．(原因)
He hurried to the school only to find nobody there．(only to…常表示未曾料到的結果)
To look at him，you would like him．(條件)
注意：
(1) 目的狀語還可以用in order to或so as to來表示。
eg：In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard.
We ran all the way so as not to be late．
(2)不定式也可在作表語用的形容詞后面作狀語。
eg：I am very glad to hear it．
he question is difficult to answer．
(3)“too+形容詞或副詞+不定式”也作狀語。
eg：He is too old to do that．
另外句子中有enough這個詞時，常用不定式作狀語。
eg： The room is big enough to hold us．
5.作賓語補足語
eg：He asked me to do the work with him．
(1)在feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice，observe，see，watch，have，let，
make等詞后的補足語中，不定式不帶to，但是這些句子如果變成被動結構時，就必須帶to。
eg: I often hear him sing the song．
He is often heard to sing the song．
(2)動詞不定式在介詞but，except，besides后面時,如果這些介詞之前有行為動詞do的各種形式，那么這些介詞后的不定式不帶to，否則要帶to。
eg：She could do nothing but cry．
What do you like to do besides swim?
I have no choice but to go．
6.作表語
eg：My job is to help the patient．
7.作獨立成分
eg： To tell the truth，I don't agree with you．
8.不定式與疑問詞who，which，when，where，how，what等連用，在句中起名詞作用，可充當主語、表語、賓語等。
eg：He didn't know what to say．(賓語)
How to solve the problem is very important．(主語)
My question is when to start．(表語)
二 不定式的省略
在一定的語境中，為了避免重復，在某些詞語的后面不定式可省略，但不定式to通常不能省略。
1. 形容詞后不定式的省略。這類形容詞有：happy，gIad，ready，eager，anxious等。
如：I’ ll be away on a business trip．Would you mind looking after my cat?
Not at all。I’ d be happy to．
2. 賓語補足語、主語補足語中不定式的省略。這類動詞有l(wèi)agk，teIl，order，persuade，advise，wish，permit，allow等。
如：The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to．
3. 動詞后不定式的省略。這類動詞有：like，love，hope，wish，mean，want，refuse，try，advise，persuade等。
如： Will you go to the theatre，Miss Brown?
Sorry．I don want to．
4. 在某些固定用法，如：ought to，have to，used to，be able to，be going to等后也可省略不定式。
如：一Alice，why didn’t you come yesterday?
一1 was going to，but I had an unexpected visitor．
注意：
有些動詞后既可接不定式，也可接動名詞，但含義不同。試比較：
go on doing sth．繼續(xù)干同一件事
go on to do sth．接著干另外一件事
stop doing sth．停止干某事
stop to do sth．停下來去干某事
forget doing sth．忘記已干了某事
forget to d0 sth．忘記要干某事
remember doing sth．記得已經(jīng)干了某事
remember to do sth．記住要干某事
try doing sth．試著干某事
try to do sth．設法干某事
mean doing sth．意味著干某事
mean to do sth．打算干某事
cant help doing sth．禁不住干某事
can't help(to)to sth．不能幫助干某事
regret doing sth．后悔干了某事
regret to do sth．因要做某事而感到遺憾
◇例題解析
1. She can’t help _______the house because she’s busy making a cake．
A．to clean B．cleaning
c．cleaned D．being cleaned (上海高考題)
[解析] 考查不定式作賓語。但不可因為思雛定勢的影響而選擇了B項。can’t help cleaning的意思是“忍不住要打掃”。與下文矛盾。本句句意是：她不能幫忙打掃房子，因為她忙于做蛋糕。can't help(to)do stll．表示“不能幫忙做某事”。[答案] A
2. When I handed the report to John，he said that George was the person______．(上海高考題)
A．to send B．for sending
C．to send it to D．for sending it to
[解析] 賓語從句還原則完成了send the report(it)to the person。當它變成不定式作定語則成了the person to send it(the report)to。 for 引導的短語不可作定語。[答案] C
3. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier，______ it more difficult．
A．not make B．not to make
C．not making D．do not make (全國高考題)
[解析] 所缺部分作目的狀語：(目的是)使生活變得更容易。再根據(jù)一致原則，前面用不定式作表語，后面也應用不定式 作表語。[答案] B
4. Wang Tao was made_______ the dishes for a week as a punishment．
A．to wash B．washing C．wash D．to be washing
[解析] 不定式在使役動詞 make 后作賓語補足語時不帶to，但如果make變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài),不定式就成了主語補足語，就須加上to。 [答案】 A
5. The chair looks rather hard，but in fact it is very comfortable to________.
A．sit B．sit on
C．be sat D．be sat on (全國高考題)
[解析] 不定式to sit on用作狀語，要用主動形式。sit為不及物動詞，故應加上一個介詞on。[答案] B
6. 一--The light in the office is still on．
一-- 0h，I forgot_______．
A．turning it off B．turn it off
C．to turn it off D．having turned it off (全國高考題)
[解析] “我忘了關燈”，“關燈”這個動作并未發(fā)生.[答案] C
7. 一You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting．
一 Well, now I regret_________ that．
A．t0 d0 B．to be doing
C．to have done D．having done (全國高考題)
[解析] “我現(xiàn)在后悔在會上提反對意見了”，可見“提意見”的動作已發(fā)生。[答案] D
8. 一 I usually go there by train．
一 Why not______ by boat for a change?
A. to going B．trying to go ‘
c. to try and go D．try going (全國高考題)
[解析] 對方建議為什么不換一種方式，乘船試一試。[答案] D
9.In some parts of London，missing a bus means______ for another hour．(2002年上海春季高考題)
A．waiting B．to wait
C．wait D．to be waiting
[解析] mean doing sth．表示“意思是／意味著……”之意。[答案]A
10. We agreed______ here but so far she hasn't turned up yet．
A．having met B．meeting
C．to meet D．to have met (全國高考題)
[解析] agree后要求接不定式作賓語。[答案] C
11. Little Jim should 1ove________to the theatre this evening．
A．to be taken B．to take
C．being taken D. taking (全國高考題)
[解析] would like／love 后只接不定式，一般不能接動名詞。Jim 和take 間存在被動關系，故用不定式的被動形式。[答案] A
12. He gave me this strange object for my birthday and I don't know_______.
A．it what to do with B．what to do it with
C．what to do with it D．to do what with it
[解析] 該題考查名詞詞組作用的“疑問詞+不定式”的用法。根據(jù)句意和結構，空白處應填“疑問詞+不定式”結構，作know的賓語。do with 在此意為“利用”、“使用”。[答案] c
13. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us
has a role_______ in making the earth a better place to live．
A．to have played B．to play
C．to be played D．to be playing(2003年上海春招題)
[解析] 本題考查動詞不定式作后置定語的用法。這里是不定式作定語，修飾a role。但要注意不定式的不同形式表達不同含義。to have played表示完成；to be playing表示進行;play表示將來；to be played表被動關系。根據(jù)句意“她會告訴我們?yōu)槭裁此@樣強烈地感覺到：在使地球成為更美好的居住地中，我們每個人起到一定作用。”是表示將來。
再者要注意當動詞不定式與所修飾的名詞之間為動賓關系，同時與句子主語為主謂關系時，動詞不定式用其主動形式表示被動意思，故排除c項。由題干從句中時態(tài)來看，為一般現(xiàn)在時(has arole)，故此處表示“起作用”，并非已完成的動作或正在起作用，故排除A、D兩項。[答案] B
◇語法專練
1. ________your spoken English，you must do more practice．
A．Improving B．To improve
C．Improved D．To have improved
2. The girl pretended________ when her father came back．
A．to sleep B．to be slept
c．to asleep D．to be asleep
3. It’s careless________ the same mistake in your composition．
A．for you to make
B．for you making
c．of you to make
D．of you making
4. At first I had some trouble with my car but finally I managed________．
A．to get starting it
B．it to get started
c．to get it started
D．getting it started
5. Li Ming is always the first ______to school and the last________.
A．of coming；of 1eaving
B．comes；leaves
C．to come；to leave
D．coming；1eaving
6. Tom kept silent about the accident________ 1ose his job．
A．So not as to B．so as not to
C．So as to not D．not so as to
7. All she could do was________ back home and________ her stepmother．
A．going；faced B．go；face
C．went；faced D．going；face
8. Tom ought not to________ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A．have to1d B．tell
c．be telling D．having told
9. Rather than _____ on a crowded bus，he always prefers______ a bicycle.
A．ride；ride B．riding；ride
c．ride；to ride D．to ride；riding
10. The boy doesn’ t have to be made_______．He always works hard．
A．1earn B．to 1earn
c．1earned D．1earning
答案
1.B 剖析：不定式放在句首作目的狀語。
2.D 剖析：要做好本題有兩點，一是pretend+to do，二是假裝的，是入睡的狀態(tài)。易誤：若弄不清是假裝入睡的動作還是狀態(tài)而誤選A。
3.C 剖析：先了解 It’s + 帶有褒貶意義的形容詞后接 of sb．to do sth．。易誤：若不知上述規(guī)律誤選A。
4.C 剖析：先知道 manage to do sth．結構，再者 get 是接賓補結構。
5.C 剖析：定冠詞the+序數(shù)詞結構后用不定式作定語。
6.B 剖析：本題考查的是不定式的否定式，在to前加not。
7.B 剖析：不定式作表語，且主語中有實意動詞 do 時，作表語的不定式中要省略 to。
8.A 剖析：在此，ought not to=shouldn’t，而 should have done 結構則表示對過去情況責備，從后句中的 meant 知是過去情況，故符合題意。易誤：若不知是過去情況則易誤選B。
9.C 剖析：要做對此題，必需具備的知識是rather than + 動詞原形，prefer to + 動詞原形。
10.B 剖析：make用于被動句時，要還原原來的to。易誤：若看見make就想到make sb．do sth．而想不到被動結構的特殊性,則易誤選A.
Exercises
一、單項填空
1. The actress who had been thought highly of _____ to be a great disappointment.
A. turned down B. turned in
C. turned out D. turned up
2. I've visited a lot of different places and stayed in lots of different hotels, but none of them ______ this one.
A. makes B. beats C. compares D. matches
3. This is a disease that can result in total blindness _____ left untreated.
A. after B. if C. since D. unless
4. It is impossible for anyone _____ these photographs before, because Mr. Newman had them developed today.
A. saw B. to have seen
C. to see D. seeing
5. It would be worth trying _____ you should not get immediate success.
A. unless B. whether
C. as if D. even though
6. --Is it my age _____the boss minds?
--I'm afraid not. He will consider_______ necessary to have
an experienced assistant.
A. which ;it B. that ;it C. which; that D. that; that
7. He got to the station only _____ the train had gone.
A. and told B. telling C. told D. to be told
8. For some time _____, they foretold that with the increased production ________ possible by new technology, cars would become much cheaper.
A. coming; made B. coming; making it
C. to come ; made D. to come; was made
9. The market for used computers is getting larger and larger as the years______.
A. get on B. run on
C. push on D. go on
10. Some of the students have already learned enough English to _________ a conversation with an English speaker.
A. go on B. carry on C. keep on D. hold on
11. --If he works harder, he ______ to succeed in medicine.
--Yes. He is _______ diligent than clever.
A. hopes ; much more B. wishes; no more.
C. promises ; more D. will be able ; would rather
12. After much_____, Harry was chosen captain of the football team.
A. debate B. bargain C. defeat D. defence
13. I didn't see Professor Johnson yesterday because he was_______ in writing a repoft．
A．engaged B．managed C．busied D．required
14. There’s no point_______ further．It won't help much．
A．on explaining B．to explain
C．of explaining D．in explaining
15. --Are you_______ with the achievements yOU have made?
一--Of course，they show my efforts at least．
A．similar B．satisfied C．curious D．pleasant
16. Her dream_______ China has come true at last with the help of her grandfather．
A．to visit B．in visiting
C．visiting D．of visiting
17. We_______an answer to the question，but couldn't find one．
A．sought B．searched C．explored D．looked
18. The old man took a cup of tea，and went on_______ his story．
A．towards B．to C．for D．with
19．He faIled in the mid-term exam but he ______his father_______next time．
A．permitted；to pass B．permitted；passing
C．promised；to pass D．promised；passing
20．We agreed ______ here but so far she hasn't turned up yet．
A．having met B．meeting
C．to meet D．to have met
[答案] CDBDD BDCBC CAADB DADAC
二、短文改錯
The lights were red，but the old man stopped his 1.--
car and waited them to change to green．While he was 2.--
waiting，a police car came up，hitting his car in 3.--
its back and then stopped．There were
two policemen 4.--
in the police car，and they were surprising and glad 5.--
when the old man got out of his car and walked 6.--
towards them with any trouble after such an accident． 7.--
He was over 70 year old．The o1d man came to the 8.--
door of the police car，smiled kind and said，“Tell me, 9.--
young men, how do you stop this car unless
the lights are red and I’m not here？” 10.--
[答案]
1. and 2. for 3. hit 4.the 5.surprised
6. 正確 7. without 8. years 9.kindly 10. if