Unit 2高二語法講義
1. 不定式的構(gòu)成
不定式是由不定式符號to+動詞原形構(gòu)成,在某些情況下to也可省略。
不定式一般有時式和語態(tài)的變化,通常有下表中的幾種形式(以do為例):
主動式 被動式
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
進行式 to be doing /
完成進行式 to have been doing /
1) 不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式所表示的動作通常與主要謂語的動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生。如:
They invited us to go there this summer. 他們邀請我們今年夏天去那兒。
He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一邊讓我通過。
2) 不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式所表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生,它在句中可作表語、狀語、賓語,有時也可作主語、定語等。如:
She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已聽說過這件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉讓你等了這么久。
I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do.我本來想告訴你這件事的,但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country. 對我來說,在你們國家旅行這么多地方是一件很榮幸的事情。
3) 不定式的進行式
不定式的進行式表示正在進行的與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的動作。它在句中可以用作除謂語以外的所有成分。如:
It’s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好,這些天一直幫我們。
He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假裝在認真地聽老師講課。
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. 我們沒料到你一直在這兒等我們。
4) 不定式的完成進行式
如果不定式表示的動作是謂語所表示時間之前一直進行的動作,就需要用完成進行式。如:
They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 據(jù)說他們已經(jīng)在西藏工作20年了。
We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 我們很高興這些天能互相幫助。
5) 動詞不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式構(gòu)成。如:
Try not to be late again next time. 盡量下次不要再遲到。
He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我們永遠不要再見到她。
6) 疑問詞+動詞不定式:
不定式和疑問詞whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, 等連用可以在句中起名詞的作用,通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等動詞后面作賓語,有時也可以充當主語、表語等。如:
On hearing the news, he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
聽到這個消息,他不知道該哭還是該笑。
When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么時候開會還沒有決定。
The most important problem is how to get so much money.
最重要的事情是如何搞到這么多錢。
介詞后一般不直接接不定式,但可以接疑問詞+不定式短語作賓語。如:
Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 瑪麗提了一些如何學(xué)習英語的建議。
I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道該怎么做。
7) 不定式的被動式:
當不定式邏輯上的主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般要用被動形式,to be +過去分詞和to have been +過去分詞。這些形式可以用來作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補語。如:
It’s a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher. 對他來說,被老師責備是一件好事。
They seemed to be satisfied with the result. 他們似乎對結(jié)果很滿意。
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求被派往農(nóng)村工作。
She was the last person to have been mentioned at the meeting. 她是會上最后一個被提到的人。
I had to shout to be heard. 我不得不大喊才能被聽到。
We don’t like our friends to be laughed at from time to time. 我們不喜歡我們的朋友不時地被嘲笑。
2. 不定式的語法作用
1) 不定式作主語:
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百聞不如一見。
To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一門外語不是一件容易的事。
在很多情況下,人們通常用it作為形式上的主語,而把不定式短語移到謂語之后,使句子顯得平穩(wěn)一些。如:
It’s good manners to wait in line. 排隊等候是很有禮貌的。
It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that. 聽到他那樣跟他媽媽說話我們很生氣。
2) 不定式作表語:
The most important thing is to put theory into practice. 最重要的論付諸實踐。
The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 最大的幸福就是為大家的幸福而工作。
3) 不定式作賓語:
He wanted to know the truth. 他想知道真相。
I prefer to be starved to death rather than beg. 我寧愿被餓死也不愿乞討。
He pretended to have read the book when I asked him about it.
我問到他的時候,他假裝讀過這本書。
另外,不定式在某些復(fù)合賓語中作賓語時,人們常常用it代表不定式,而將真實賓語放在補足語之后。如:
Do you think it better to translate it in this way? 你認為這樣翻譯是不是更好?
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.
我覺得被邀請在會上面對這么多學(xué)生發(fā)言是一件很光榮的事情。
4) 不定式作補語:
①不定式可以和名詞或代詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作動詞的賓語,這時不定式被稱為賓語補足語。如:
I would like you to help me with my English exercises. 我想請你幫我做英語練習。
I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 我從來沒想到鞋子這么快就穿破了。
注意:動詞help后面接不定式作賓語或賓語補足語可以帶to也可以不帶to。如:
Who can help me (to) carry this heavy box? 誰能幫我拎這個重箱子?
②在make, let, have等使役動詞和see, watch, notice, hear, feel等感官動詞后的復(fù)合賓語中,動詞不定式不帶to。
I often hear her sing in the next room. 我經(jīng)常聽到她在隔壁唱歌。
They make the baby go to bed at 7:00 p.m. every day. 他們每天讓孩子晚上7:00上床睡覺。
注意:get, leave等詞也有“讓”“叫”的意思,和使役動詞意思相近,但它們后面的不定式作賓語補足語必須要有to。如:
I’ll get him to try it again. 我將讓他再試一次。
How could you leave him to have supper with a stranger?
你怎么讓他跟一個陌生人一起吃晚飯?
注意:當使役動詞和感官動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,不定式就成了主語補語,作主語補語的不定式必須加to。如:
Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 盡管他經(jīng)常弄哭他的小妹妹,但今天他卻被他的小妹妹弄哭了。
He is often heard to sing the song. 經(jīng)常有人聽到他唱這首歌。
③think, consider, believe, declare, suppose, find, imagine, know, understand, take, prove, feel等動詞后面接的不定式短語作補語多由to be+形容詞或名詞構(gòu)成,think, consider, find后的to be?墒÷。如:When he woke up, she found herself (to be ) badly injured.
她醒來的時候,發(fā)現(xiàn)自己受了重傷。 I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.我第一次見到她的時候就認為她人很好,很誠實。
含有此類復(fù)合賓語的句子變成被動語態(tài)時,不定式同樣被稱之為主語補足語。如:
The young man was considered to have great promise. 這個年輕人被認為大有前途。
The situation was found to be quite encouraging. 形勢看來很使人鼓舞。
④以be said, be reported, be known, seem, happen, prove, appear等構(gòu)成謂語的句子中,動詞不定式通常也可看作主語補語。如:
More than 20 people were reported to have been killed in the accident.
據(jù)報道,有20多個人死于事故。
I happened to be talking with him when he was hit by a car. 他被汽車撞的時候,我碰巧在和他談話。
5) 不定式作定語:
不定式在句中作定語通常放在其所修飾的名詞或代詞之后,以下幾種情況常用不定式作定語:
①能帶不定式作賓語的動詞,其同源名詞可以帶不定式作定語,常見的有attempt, decision, promise, plan, intention, failure, wish, determination等。如:
He hasn’t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly. 他沒有遵守諾言定期給他父母親寫信。
My wish to be a teacher is quite understandable. 我想成為一個教師的愿望是可以理解的。
②常與不定式搭配的形容詞,其同源名詞一般可以帶不定式作定語,常見的有ability, anxiety, eagerness, ambition等。如:
His eagerness to finish his work in time was quite obvious.他急切地想準時完成工作是很明顯的。
We admire his ability to speak a foreign language so well.
我們欣賞他能把一門外語說得這么好。
③序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或被only, last, next等詞修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語。如:
He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.他總是第一個來最后一個離開。
The next person to attend the meeting is Dr. Baker.下一個出席會議的人是貝克先生。
④還有一些名詞經(jīng)常帶不定式作定語。如:person, man, thing, something, anything, nothing, time, way, reason, chance, courage, opportunity等。如:
We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.
我們學(xué)生應(yīng)該有勇氣面對任何困難。
He had no reason to leave his friends and live alone on the island.
他沒有理由離開他的朋友獨自住到島上去。
⑤不定式作定語時,有時與被修飾的名詞之間有意義上的動賓關(guān)系,如果該不定式動詞是不及物動詞,它后面需加上適當?shù)慕樵~。如:
There is nothing to worry about. 沒什么可擔心的。
There are many interesting books to choose from, but I don’t know which to borrow. 有很多有趣的書可以挑選,但我不知道該借哪一本。
6) 不定式作狀語:
不定式作狀語可以表示行為的目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等
① 不定式作目的狀語,有時也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade.
為了保護幼苗不被太陽曬壞,媽媽把它們放到了陰涼處。
He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.
今天早上他起身很早以免上學(xué)再遲到。
注意:so as (not) to do不可以置于句首。
②不定式作結(jié)果狀語,常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有too…to, enough…to, so…as to, such…as to, only to…等。如:
The question is too difficult for me to answer. 對我來說,這個問題很難回答。
He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself.他說他足夠聰明可以獨自應(yīng)付這件事。
Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 請你幫我把收音機調(diào)低一點好嗎?
He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在醫(yī)院里。
注意:too…to通常表示太……而不……,但在下列句子中沒有否定的意思。
She is only too glad to stay at home. 她太想留在家里了。
He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考試結(jié)果。
③不定式作原因狀語,通常用來修飾表示情感、心理狀態(tài)、性格等的形容詞。常見的形容詞有:happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever, frightened, shocked, sorry, eager, proud, disappointed, foolish, impatient, unwise, naughty等。如:
They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息,他們很驚訝。
We are proud to be young people of new China. 成為新中國的青年,我們感到很驕傲。
另外,hard, difficult, easy, fit,comfortable等詞也可以接動詞不定式。這時候,作句子主語的除了是表示人的詞外,還可以是表示物的詞。如:
The water is not fit to drink. 這水不適合飲用。
The room is very comfortable to live in. 這個房間住起來很舒服。
注意:后兩句中的不定式與句子的主語或賓語之間是動賓關(guān)系,此時如果不定式動詞是不及物動詞,則需要帶上適當?shù)慕樵~。
3. 不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
1) 不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成
不定式在使用時通常有自己的邏輯主語,一般可以是句子的主語或賓語,或者由物主代詞暗示出來。如:
They plan to build a hotel. 他們計劃建造一個酒店。
His father sent him abroad to study literature. 他父親送他出國去學(xué)文學(xué)。
I could see her eagerness to go abroad. 我可以看出他急切地想出國。
但有時需要明確表示出不定式的邏輯主語(即不定式動作的執(zhí)行者),此時一般用for/of +名詞(代詞)短語+不定式來構(gòu)成不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
It’s expensive for people to use electricity for cooking. 人們用電做飯是很昂貴的。
It’s careless of you to make such a mistake. 你犯這樣的錯誤真是粗心。
2) 不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的語法作用
不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可以做主語、賓語、表語、狀語、定語。
①不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語、賓語,通常用it 作形式主語或形式賓語來代替不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
It’s necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases. 貨物很有必要用堅固的箱子打包。
They thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkness.
他們認為我們要在黑暗中找到迷路的小孩是不可能的。
②不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作表語、狀語、定語。如:
That’s for you to decide. 那個由你來決定。
For the test to be passed, the students should work harder than before.
為了能通過考試,學(xué)生們應(yīng)該比以往更認真學(xué)習。
I have some books for you to read. 我有幾本書送給你讀。
1. 不定式不帶to的規(guī)則:
前面我們已經(jīng)談到,在一些使役動詞和感官動詞后的不定式作賓語補語時,不定式符號to常常省略,下面還有幾種情況請大家注意:
① 動詞原形come, go等在口語中可接不帶to的不定式。如:
Go tell her. 去告訴他。
Come have a glass. 來喝一杯。
②在why引起的一些疑問句中,疑問詞直接跟動詞原形或not+動詞原形。如:
Why spend so much money? 為什么花這么多錢?
Why not let her have a try? 為什么不再讓她試一試?
③在had better(還是……最好), had best(最好,頂好), would rather(寧可,寧愿), would rather…than(寧可……而不……), would sooner(寧可,寧愿), would sooner…than(寧可……而不……), cannot but(不得不,必然), cannot choose but(只得), cannot help but(不得不)等結(jié)構(gòu)后直接跟動詞原形或not +動詞原形。如:
You’d better listen to your teacher’s opinion. 你最好聽一聽老師的看法。
I would rather work than stay idle. 我寧愿工作而不愿閑坐。
Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.
他寧愿擠公共汽車也不愿騎自行車。
Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender. 劉胡蘭寧死不屈。
One’s world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does.
一個人的世界觀必然在他的言行中表現(xiàn)出來。
④在介詞but, except之前如有動詞do的任一形式,其后的動詞不定式不用to。如:
Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools. 昨晚上我除了修理農(nóng)具外,沒有做其它的事情。
Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 現(xiàn)在他只有認輸。
如but 之前沒有do,其后的不定式則一般要加to。如:
I’m afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. 恐怕我們別無選擇,只好乘出租車了。
They desired nothing but to succeed. 他們只想成功。
⑤在出現(xiàn)并列的動詞不定式時,為了避免重復(fù),后面的不定式符號to可省略。如:
I really don’t know what to say and do. 我真的不知道該說什么,該干什么。
Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.?
你能不能幫我打電話給他,叫他下午兩點來開會?
但如果兩個不定式有對比的意思,則不定式符號to不可被省去。如:
I came not to scold you but to praise you. 我是來夸你的,不是來罵你的。
The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.
新技術(shù)的目的是為了使生活更容易,而不是使生活更艱難。
2. 動詞不定式的省略問題:
上文中出現(xiàn)了某一動詞或動詞短語,下文中再遇到此動詞的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)時,往往要省略動詞不定式,但通常省略動詞原形或短語而保留不定式符號to,一般有下面幾種情況:
①含有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞如be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to等+動詞原形結(jié)構(gòu)時:
---Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor? 你認為我應(yīng)該去看醫(yī)生嗎?
---Yes, I think you ought to. 是的,我想你應(yīng)該去。
She must go but you don’t have to. 她必須走,但你沒有必要。
②含有動詞want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等+不定式作賓語結(jié)構(gòu)時:
---Did you go to see the Great Wall? 你去看長城了嗎?
---I wanted to, but I was too busy. 我本來想去的,但我太忙了。
You may go with them if you hope to. 如果你希望的話,你可以和他們一起去。
③含有動詞如ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid等+不定式做賓語補語或主語補語時:
Don’t do anything unless your father tells you to. 除非你父親叫你去做,不然不要做任何事情。
---May I use your car? 我可以用你的汽車嗎?
---No, I forbid you to. 不,我禁止你使用。
④對話的答語中含有形容詞如happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等+不定式作表語結(jié)構(gòu)時:
---Will you lend me a hand? 你能幫我一個忙嗎?
---I’m willing to, but I can’t now. 我很愿意,但我現(xiàn)在不行。
---Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow? 明天下午來參加我的生日聚會好嗎?
---I’ll be glad to. 我很樂意。
3. 不定式主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別:
動詞不定式在句中究竟用主動還是被動,有時比較復(fù)雜。主要有下面幾種情況:
①不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時,不定式往往用主動形式。如:
Have you got a key to unlock the door? 你有開門的鑰匙嗎?
②不定式做后置定語,和被修飾名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,又和該句主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時,不定式常用主動形式,不定式為不及物動詞時,其后應(yīng)加相應(yīng)的介詞。如:
Do you have anything to say on this question? 針對這個問題你還有什么要說的嗎?
He is a pleasant person to work with. 他是一個合作愉快的人。
③不定式作表語形容詞的狀語,和句子主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時,不定式多用主動形式,不定式為不及物動詞時要加相應(yīng)的介詞。如:
The fish is delicious to eat. 這魚很好吃。
The chair is comfortable to sit on. 這把椅子坐起來很舒服。
④在There be結(jié)構(gòu)中,當說話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時,不定式用主動形式;如果說話人強調(diào)的是事情本身必須完成,則用被動形式。如:
There is nothing to worry about. 沒什么可擔心的。
There is a lot of work to do. 有許多事情要做。(表示某人必須做這工作)
注意下面兩個句子的含義:
There is a lot of work to be done. (強調(diào)有許多事情必須做。)
There is nothing to be done. (強調(diào)出了某事,現(xiàn)在沒辦法解決。)
4. for somebody to do和of somebody to do的用法區(qū)別:
句型“It is +形容詞+for somebody+不定式”中的形容詞通常強調(diào)不定式的行為屬性,如:important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。
It’s difficult for us to finish the work within two hours. 我們要在兩小時之內(nèi)完成工作是很難的。
It’s reasonable for them to run away so quickly. 他們這么快就逃跑了是很有道理的。
“It is +形容詞+of somebody+不定式”中的形容詞表示人物性格和特征。如:kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。
It’s kind of you to think so much of us. 難為你這么為我們著想。
It’s silly of the boy to keep pouring water into the basket 這個男孩真傻,一直往籃子里倒水。
5. 高中階段能接不定式的常見動詞:
能接不定式作賓語的常見動詞有:want(想要), like(喜歡), wish(希望), hate(憎恨,討厭), prefer(寧愿), hope(希望), fail(失敗), plan(計劃), refuse(拒絕), ask(要求),continue(繼續(xù)),manage(設(shè)法), try(盡力), offer(提供), start(開始), begin(開始), forget(忘記), remember(記得), promise(答應(yīng)), mean(打算), pretend(假裝), intend(想,打算), attempt(嘗試,企圖), decide(決定), learn(學(xué)會), desire(渴望,請求), agree(同意), care(關(guān)心,喜歡), choose(選擇), determine(下決心), expect(期望), afford(負擔得起,買得起)等。
能接不定式做補語的常見的動詞有:感官動詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel等;使役動詞make, let, have 等;還有一般的動詞如advise(建議), allow(允許), ask, beg(乞求), command(命令,指揮), tell(告訴), invite(邀請), force(強迫), oblige(強迫), get(致使), help(幫助), wish, want, like, hate, prefer, intend, expect, encourage(鼓勵), persuade(說服), permit(允許,許可), remind(使想起,提醒), request(請求,要求), order(命令), warn(警告,提醒), cause(引起)等。
6. 高中階段常見的不定式短語: 高中階段常見的一些不定式短語可以作謂語,如:be able to do(能,會), be about to do(即將做……), used to do(過去常!, be glad to do(樂意做……), would like to do(想要做……),be likely to do(很可能做……), go all out to do something全力以赴,be supposed to do應(yīng)該等。
高中階段還有一些不定式短語可以作狀語修飾整個句子,也可以稱它們?yōu)椴迦胝Z。如:to tell you the truth(說老實話),to be frank(坦率地說), to begin with(首先), to be brief(簡言之), to make a long story short(長話短說), to be exact(精確地說), to say nothing of(姑且不說),to conclude(總而言之), to be sure(誠然、固然), to do him justice(說句對他公道的話),so to speak(可以這么說、打個譬喻說)等。
To tell you the truth, I hate him. 說老實話,我恨他。
To be frank, I don’t agree with what you said. 坦率地說,我不同意你說的話。