1.hope, wish,want, expect
hope, wish,want, expect作為動詞時,都可以表示“希望”、“想要”等意思,但其用法各不相同:
(1) hope希望,用于可能實現(xiàn)的場合,一般只接不定式或從句作賓語。與介詞for連用,后接名詞或某些不定代詞,表示“希望得到”“祈求”。例如:
I hope to see you soon. 我希望盡快見到你。
The children hope they can do something for the old man. 這些孩子希望能為這位老人做些
Do you hope for peace? 你希望和平嗎?
[注意] hope后不能跟復合賓語。
2).wish愿,希望,表示客觀上不太可能實現(xiàn)的希望或表示祝愿,,常接賓語、雙賓語、復合賓語或賓語從句;wish和for連用表示“盼望”、“希望得到”。例如:
I wish you success. 我祝你成功。
We wish to see the film. 我們都希望看那部電影。
Do you wish a pen or a book? 你要的是鋼筆還是書?
I wish you to go with me. 我希望你同我一道去。
I wish that I knew the answer. 我希望我知道這個答案。
We wished for rain. 我盼望下雨!
[注意] wish后跟賓語從句時要用虛擬語氣。
3).want 想要,表示企圖得到某物或做某事。后接名詞、代詞、不定式或不定式(過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞)作賓補的復合賓語;后接動名詞時意為“需要”。例如:
I want a new pen.
I want to buy the bike.
My computer wants repairing /to be repaired . 我的電腦需要修理了。
The teacher wants us to clean the classroom. 老師想要我們打掃教室。
He wants the work done at once. 他想讓人馬上把這項工作做完。
[注意] want之后不能跟從句或“object+n”結(jié)構作賓語。
(4). expect表示“預料,期待,盼望,指望,料想,以為”等意思,強調(diào)客觀上可能實現(xiàn)的“期望”,“期待”等,在expect之后,通常除了接不定式,帶不定式的復合賓語外,還可以接名詞、代詞以及賓語從句。例如:
I hardly expected to find you still here. 我?guī)缀鯖]料想到仍會在這兒找到你。
Do you expect me to stay after that? 在那之后你希望我呆下去嗎?
I didn’t expect that you would finish the work so soon. 我沒料想到你會這樣快地完成這項工作!
The boy is expecting your letter. 這男孩盼望著你的信。
[注意] expect常用過去完成時表達過去未曾實現(xiàn)的期望;另外它后面不能接帶有名詞的復合賓語。
2.else ,other
else, other都可以表示“別的”、“其他的”。但是二者也有一定的區(qū)別:
(1)other用作形容詞,修飾單、復數(shù)名詞或代詞one,位于所修飾的詞之前。例如:
What's that in your other hand? 你的另一只手里拿著什么?
Other people may not think that way. 別人可能不這樣想。
The story is more interesting than the other one. 這個故事比那個更有趣。
other用作代詞時,意為“別的人”、“別的東西”。例如:
One of them is a boy and the other is a girl. 其中的一個是男孩,另一個是女孩。
(2)else作形容詞時,用在who, whose, what 等疑問代詞或something, anything, nothing, anybody, nobody等不定代詞后作定語是個副詞,常與不定代詞、疑問代(副)詞、否定代詞或副詞連用。例如:
Would you like anything else to drink, Miss Yang? 楊小姐,你還要喝點別的什么嗎?
Do you have anything else to say? 你還有別的事情要說嗎?
Who else will go to the medical conference? 還有誰要去參加醫(yī)學大會?
else作副詞時,用在when,where或副詞后等詞后作狀語。例如:
I went nowhere else this afternoon. 今天下午我哪也沒去。
Where else are you going to stay? 你們還要在什么地方停留?
3. by,until,before
。1)by表示在某特定的時間之前或不遲于某特定的時間,意為“最遲在”、“不遲于”或“在……之前”等。例如:
I will finish my task by nine.我將在九點鐘前完成任務。
The plane takes off at 10:00, so you must try to be at the airport by 9:30.飛機在十點鐘起飛,所以你必須在九點半趕到機場。
2). until用在肯定句,謂語動詞通常是stand, stay, talk, wait等延續(xù)性動詞,表示主句動作終止的時間。例如:
I waited until he came back. 我一直等到他回來。
The war lasted until 1945. 戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)到1945年。
[注意] until如果用在否定句中,謂語動詞通常是open, start, leave, arrive, finish, stop等瞬間性動詞,強調(diào)主句動作開始的時間。例如:
I didn't leave the boy until his mother turned up. 直到這孩子的母親來,我才離開。
The noise of the street didn't stop until it was midnight. 街上的噪音直到半夜才停止。
3)before在主句含有否定式終止性謂語動詞或肯定式延續(xù)性動詞時,可與until直接替換。當主句含有肯定式終止性謂語動詞時,只能用before不能用until,且before常意為“沒來得及……”或“……才……”等。例如:
Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me. 愛因斯坦差不多將我撞倒才看見了我。
He had measured me before I could get in a word. 我還沒來得及插話,他就把我的尺寸量好了。
4.other,another,the other
(1)other意思是“其他的”,作形容詞時,指尚未列舉或提到的部分,其復數(shù)形式others,一般作代詞用。例如:
Here are other books (=others)on this subject. 還有別的書論述這個題目。
(2)another“再一個”、“另一個”指三個或三個以上不定數(shù)目中的另一個。例如:
Would you like another cup of tea? 你還想要一杯茶嗎?
I have eaten two eggs. I wants to eat another one. 我已經(jīng)吃兩個雞蛋了,我還向吃一個。
another作代詞用時,后面不需要接任何詞。例如:
I don't like this hat, please show me another. 我不喜歡這頂帽子,請再讓我看看別的。
I don’t like this pen, show me another, please! 我不喜歡這只鋼筆,請給我看看另一只。
(3)the other指兩個事物或兩個人中的“另一個”;其復數(shù)形式是the others,指兩個部分或兩部分人中的另一個部分。例如:
I'll take this one, you may take the other.我要這個,你可以拿那個。
This article is better than the others.這篇文章比其余的好。
[注意] another、other都可以與數(shù)詞或不定代詞連用,它們的用法是一樣的。another后跟數(shù)詞或不定代詞,而other前用數(shù)詞或不定代詞。例如:
We need another three bottles of ink. 我們還需要三瓶墨水
Three other people came in. 又進來三個人。
5.cost, take, spend, pay
(1)cost指花錢、勞動力、時間等,不以人做主語,常以事、物作主語。例如:
The work cost them much labor. 這項工作花費了他們很多的勞動。
How did the radio cost you? 這臺錄音機花了你多少錢?
(2)take 主要指花費時間,主語為物或形式主語it。常用于It takes sb. some time to do sth. 的句型中,真正的主語是后面的動詞不定式,指事。例如:
It took them over two years to build the bridge. 修建這座橋花了他們兩年多的時間。
The composition took (=cost) me two hours. 我用了兩小時完成這篇作文。
(3)spend指花費時間、金錢等,主語為人,常和介詞on連用。如果后面接動名詞,則往往要用in。例如:
He often spends his spare time (in) helping the old man. 他總是利用空余時間去幫助那個老人。
He spent all his money yesterday. 昨天他花了他所有的錢。
I'll spend much more time on my English. 我將在英語上花多得多的時間(來學習)。
(4)pay 指花錢,主語為人,經(jīng)常和介詞for連用,有時帶雙賓語。例如:
She paid 20 dollars for that coat. 她買那件外套花了20美元。
I paid him 200 yuan yesterday. 我昨天給他花了200元錢。
6. trust,believe
trust意為“相信”、“信任”,近義詞是believe, 但二者也有一定的區(qū)別:
(1)trust多用來表示“相信某人的品德、為人和能力等”,和in 連用時,指“深信其可靠性”。
We have always trusted him. 我們一直信任他。
Do you trust in the man in blue over there? 你充分信任那邊穿藍衣服的人嗎?
You should trust the teachers and try your best. 但是你應該相信你的老師,并且盡你最大的努力。
(2)believe側(cè)重于“相信某人所說的話”,后接in 時表示“信仰”、信奉(真理、原則、宗教等)。
Don’t believe what the boy says. 不要相信這個男孩的話。
We believe in her very much. 我們非常信任她! 是的,我付給了他100元。
7.try to do sth,try doing sth.,manage to do sth.
短語try to do sth.、 try doing sth.和manage to do sth.都可理解為“盡力、設法做某事”,但它們有更細微的含義。
(1)try to do sth意思是“盡力、設法去做某事”,事情的結(jié)果如何,不得而知。例如:
Try to finish your work on time, please! 請盡量準時完成你的工作!
(2)try doing sth. 表示“試著去做某事”。
Yesterday the old man tried opening the door. 昨天這位老人試著把門打開了。
(3)manage to do sth. 表示“設法完成某種困難的事”,著重指經(jīng)過一番努力才能達到的目的。
The woman managed to find her lost son the day before yesterday. 這位婦女終于找到了前天走失的兒子。
8. occur ,happen,take place
occur、, happen和take place三者都可表示“發(fā)生”之意,都是不及物動詞或短語,不能用于被動語態(tài)。其區(qū)別是:
(1)occur是比較正式的用語,可用于具體或抽象的事物, 通常指按計劃或規(guī)律在較為確定的時間“發(fā)生”的事。例如:
I’m afraid that this would occur during my absence. 恐怕這事會在我不在時發(fā)生。
(2) happen常指具體事件的發(fā)生,特別指那些偶然的或未能預見的“發(fā)生”。例如:
New things are happening all around us. 我們身邊總有新事發(fā)生!
(3)take place通常指“(某事)按計劃進行或按計劃發(fā)生! 例如:
Great changes have taken place in China since. 中國發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。
9. so…that…,so that
. (1)so… that…的意思是“如此地…”、“…以致于……”,so 后面接形容詞或副詞。它引導的是結(jié)果狀語從句。在口語中,so…that…中的that常被省去。例如:
Welles was so convincing that hundreds of people believe the story. 威爾斯的話如此有說服力,以至于有數(shù)百人相信了這個故事。
She felt so sad that tears came to her eyes.她非常悲傷,以致于淚水盈眶。
John was so drunk(that)he could not stand still.約翰醉得站也站不住了
[注意] 在表示“如此……以致于……”時,還可以用such…that…形式,此時such 要用以修飾名詞。例如:
The girl made such rapid progress that she began to write letters in English. 她進步很快,開始用英語寫信了。
It was such a hot day that we all went to swim. 那是個如此熱的天,我們都去游泳了。
(2)so that的意思是“為了”、“俾使”、“以致”,它引導的是目的狀語從句,從句中的謂語動詞常和can、may、should等情態(tài)動詞連用,而且主從、句間不用逗號。例如:
Please switch the light on so that we can see what it is.請開燈,讓我們看一下它是什么東西。
The little boy saved every coin so that he could buy his mother a present on Mother's day. 這個小孩積攢了每分錢,為了在母親節(jié)能給媽媽買件禮物。
10. fill with, be filled with, be full of
(1) fill with, 意為“將……裝滿……”或“使……充滿……”,有時也寫為fill…with...。例如:
Jack filled his pockets with chestnuts. 杰克將口袋裝栗子。
The room filled with heavy smoke.滿屋濃煙。
(2)be filled with為系表結(jié)構,意思是“充滿……”。例如:
The young man is filled with joy. 那青年內(nèi)心充滿喜悅。
She was filled with happiness when she heard the news. 她聽到這個消息時,心中充滿了喜悅。
(3)full of是短語形容詞,含義與filled with相近,意思是“裝滿了……”,可充當狀語、定語(后置)或表語。例如:
Tom stared at the footprint, full of fear.湯姆盯著那個腳印,滿懷恐懼。(狀語)
He received several baskets full of cards, letters and telegrams of congratulations.他收到了滿滿幾籃子表示祝賀的卡片、賀信和賀電。(定語)
When we returned to the home, everything I touched seemed to be full of life. …當我們回到家時,我所接觸的樣樣東西似乎都洋溢著生命。(表語)
11. answer, reply
answer和reply都可以表示‘回答“之意,但具體用法也有區(qū)別。
(1)answer指針對另一行為的一般性回應,可自由地用作及物或不及物動詞。例如:
He didn’t answer my questions. 他沒有回答我的問題。
What you have done will be answered. 你會遭報應的。
(2)reply 指對他人的陳述或問題給予回答,除了后接that從句或引出直接引語是及物動詞外,一般只作不及物動詞,如果后面跟名詞或代詞,通常借助 to。例如:
Jack haven’t replied to my last letter yet. 杰克還沒回復我的上封信。
She replied that she was going to Jixi. 她回答說她要去雞西。
12. such as, for example
(1) such as 表示“例如”,一般置于所列舉事物的前面,as后面不可有逗號。所列的事物或人可是一個,也可是多個。例如:
Some of the rubbish, such as food, paper and iron, rots away over a long period of time.一些垃圾,諸如食物、紙張、鐵很長一段時間后都會爛掉。
They planted such beautiful blowers as roses ,sunflowers in the garden.他們在花園里種了像玫瑰、向日葵一些了看的花。
[注意] 使用such as這個短語時,后面列舉的事物的數(shù)量不能等于它前面所提到的總和,一旦相等就要用that is或namely。如不可以說:I have three good friends, such as John, Jack and Tom.應該說:I have three good friends, that is, John, Jack and Tom. 我有三個好朋友,即約翰、杰克和湯姆。
(2)for example 除列舉單個人或事物外,它可列舉一個完整的事件或一系列人物。用來舉例說明某一論點或情況,一般只舉同類人或物中的“一個”為例,作插入語, 可位于句首、句中或句末。例如:
Some students ,for example, John live in the school.一些學生,如約翰就住在學校里。
What would you do if you met a wild animal – a tiger, for example? 如果遇上野獸,例如老虎, 你該怎么辦?
13. everyday, every day
(1)everyday是形容詞,意思是“每天的”,“日常的”,只能作定語。例如:
everyday life日常生活;everyday English日常用英語;everyday clothes便服
(2)every day是副詞,意思是“每天”,作狀語。例如:
We have English lessons everyday. 我們每天都上英語課。
14.no more,no longer,not any more,not any longer
(1)no more=not...any more,表示數(shù)量和程度的“不再”增加,通常修飾終止性動詞,一般指今后“不再”,故多用于將來時中,常放在行為動詞之前,系動詞之后,而在否定句里則放在句末。例如:
We have no more money to give you. 我們沒有更多的錢給你。
The baby watched and listened, and she didn't cry any more.那個嬰兒看著、聽著,不再哭了。
(2)no longer=not...any longer,表示時間或距離的“不再”延長,通常修飾延續(xù)性動詞,多指現(xiàn)在的情況與過去相比,故常用于現(xiàn)在時態(tài)中,在句中的位置與no more相同。例如:
The picnic basket was no longer under the tree. 裝有野餐的籃子不再在樹下了。
They can't stay here any longer.他們不能再留在這里了。
[注意] no longer要位于實義動詞之前,be動詞之后。not… any longer一般不和be連用。表示某個動作和狀態(tài)因為某種因素而突然不再延續(xù)時,應用no longer 或not any longer,而不可用no more或not any more。
【實戰(zhàn)演習】選擇括號里的詞或詞組填空。
1.The teacher _____ (hope, wish,want, expect ) us to clean the classroom.
2.I_____ (hope, wish,want, expect )that I were young again.
3. Do you know where the_____ (else, other) boys are?
4. What _____ (else, other) can you see in the room?
5. Mary had finished her homework______(by,until,before)her mother returned.
6. The mother asked the boy to close _____ (other,another,the other) eye.
7. The student by the window asked_____ (other,another,the other) three questions.
8. It _____ (cost, took, spent, paid) him three hours to do his homework yesterday.
9. Do you know how much the computer _____ (cost, take, spend, pay)?
10.They _____ (cost, took, spent, paid) two years on the job.
11. He is a good teacher. We all _____ (trust,believe) him.
12.We can’t _____ (trust,believe) anything he says.
13.He looked for the lost dog, at last he _____(tried to find, tried finding, managed to find) it in the street
14. There're so many policemen over there. What's _________ (occuring, happening, taking place) in the street?
15. The camera is ________expensive_______ (so, that ; such, that ; /, so that)I can't afford it.
16.I heard his heart has _____(been filled with, been full of, filled with)hope.
17.The man _____(answered, replied) that he didn’t anything about it.
18. Can you speak any other languages, ______ (such as, for example ) , English or Japanese?
19. We go swimming in the river _____( everyday, every day).
20. He is_____ ( no longer, no more )a handsome Lake for holiday
Key:
1. want 2. wish 3. other 4. else 5. before 6. the other 7. another 8. took 9. took 10. spent
11. trust 12. believe 13. managed to find 14. happening 15. so, that 16. been filled with
17. replied 18. for example 19. every day 20. no longer