（江蘇省石莊高級(jí)中學(xué)：秦建華課堂教學(xué)用）
1. Modern Australia is made up of six states and two territories現(xiàn)代澳大利亞是由六個(gè)州兩大區(qū)組成的
be made up of =consists of 由……組成
The Grade Three in our school is made up of 17 classes.我們學(xué)校高三年級(jí)是由17個(gè)班級(jí)組成的。
17 classes make up the Grade Three in our school.
The solar system is made up of a star and nine plants. 太陽(yáng)系是由一個(gè)恒星和九個(gè)行星組成的。
make up 和解,和好; 虛構(gòu),編造; 化妝; 補(bǔ)償,彌補(bǔ); 湊錢
It is very hard to make up the quarrel between the couple.很難調(diào)解這對(duì)夫婦之間的爭(zhēng)吵。
Don’t make up any excuse to cheat me.不要找任何借口來(lái)欺騙我。
I find no time to make myself up every day.梳妝打扮
Because you were ill, you will have to make up the final exam.補(bǔ)期末考試
Hard work can make up for a lack of intelligence/the lost time. 彌補(bǔ)智力上的缺乏/損失的時(shí)間(用其他方式)
Have you made up the money for your class? 湊錢
2. Australia is surrounded by many oceans.澳大利亞周邊有兩大洋
surround 包圍 surround sb./ sth. with sth
They have surrounded the town with troops.他們出動(dòng)軍隊(duì)包圍了該城。
surround 常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中 “被……包圍
The house is surrounded by/with high walls.房子周圍有高高的圍墻。
When he came back ,he found himself surrounded by his family and friends.當(dāng)他蘇醒后，發(fā)現(xiàn)他周圍站著他的家人和朋友。
surroundings (周邊環(huán)境) environment (與人類相對(duì)的環(huán)境)
3. but the capital of Australia is Canberra,a city located between Sydeny and Melbourne
……但是澳大利亞首都卻在堪培拉，一座位于悉尼和墨爾本之間的城市
located=lying=standing
4.Six of the points represent the states and the seventh stands for all the territories.六個(gè)角代表六個(gè)州，第七個(gè)角代表區(qū)。
represent 代表,象征; 表現(xiàn); 描繪,塑造; 聲稱
In a love song ,people will tell his lover that the moon represents his heart.月亮象征他的心
I’d like to thank you representing my whole family.我代表我的全家謝謝您。
=I’d like to thank you on behalf of my whole family.
The girl representing all the new students gave us a speech on the school opening ceremony.
那個(gè)女孩代表所有新生在開學(xué)典禮上講了話。
He represented himself as a wealthy man, but in fact he was as poor as a church mouse.聲稱自己是個(gè)健康的人而其實(shí)
representative n.代表 adj.典型的, 有代表性的
stand for 象征,代表; 支持; (多指代字母、符號(hào)等的替代作用)
What does WTO stand for? WTO代表什么？ It stands for World Trade Organization
Before we elect him, we want to know what he stands for.
5.These peoples came to the continent at least fifity thousand years ago and created complex societies.
這些來(lái)自不同民族的人至少在五萬(wàn)年之前就來(lái)到這塊大陸，而且創(chuàng)建了復(fù)雜的社會(huì)群體。
people 的含義
相當(dāng)于persons (一個(gè)以上的人) There are many people in the room
指persons in general 人們。What will people think of this?人們將如何看待這件事？
指all the ordinary members of a state 人民（與the連用）serve the people heart and soul
指those persons who live in a particular place or have a particular nationality 某一地的居民或具有某一國(guó)籍的人民。the people of London 倫敦居民，the British people 英國(guó)人民
指nation (民族)，race （人種），tribe (部落)等，此時(shí)people為單數(shù)，其復(fù)數(shù)形式為peoples
the peoples of the world 世界各民族；Europe is made up of many peoples.
典型例題：The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people.中國(guó)人民是勤勞勇敢的人民。
6.live in a similar way to their ancestors……過(guò)著與他們祖先相似的生活
A be similar to B 。。。和。。。相類似
My new dress/bike is similar to the one you have. 我的新衣服和你的那件相似。
8.while others live in cities,towns and the country in the same way as their fellow Australians……而另外一些人像其他澳大利亞同胞一樣住在城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村。
▲fellow n.（常用復(fù)數(shù)，用以構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞）同伴；同志
school fellows同學(xué) bed fellows同床者
Her fellows share her interest in computers.她的同伴跟她一樣對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)感興趣。
adj.同伴的；同類的；同事的
fellow creatures 同類動(dòng)物 fellow countryman 同胞 fellow traveler旅伴；同路人
口語(yǔ)中有時(shí)指“男人；小伙子”
Poor fellow!可憐的小伙子！
▲while
引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，表示的時(shí)間只能是一段時(shí)間，而when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句表示的時(shí)間可以是時(shí)間點(diǎn)，也可以是時(shí)間段。
They arrived while we were having dinner.他們來(lái)的時(shí)候我們正在吃飯。
表示對(duì)比，意為“而，但是”。
He is a worker while I am a doctor.他是工人而我是醫(yī)生。
表示“盡管，雖然”，多放于句首。
While I understand what you say,I can’t agree with you.盡管我能理解你所說(shuō)的，但卻無(wú)法贊同。
表示“只要”。
There will be life while there is water and air.只要有水和空氣，就會(huì)有生命。
9.In 1770,Captain Cook claimed the east coast of the continent for the British Crown.1770年庫(kù)克船長(zhǎng)生稱這個(gè)大陸的東海岸屬于大不列顛王國(guó)。
claim vt. & n. n.(根據(jù)權(quán)利提出)要求, 要求權(quán), 主張, 要求而得到的東西，vt.(根據(jù)權(quán)利)要求, 認(rèn)領(lǐng), 聲稱, 主張, 需要，索賠
You can claim your money back if the goods are damaged.貨物有損壞，可以要求退錢。
Did you claim on the insurance after your car accident?汽車出了事故后你向保險(xiǎn)公司索賠了嗎？
I claimed the coat that the teacher found. 我認(rèn)領(lǐng)了老師找到的外套。
Has anyone claimed the watch? 有人認(rèn)領(lǐng)這塊手表嗎？
He claimed that he hadn't done it, but I didn't believe him. 他聲稱沒有做這件事，可是我不相信他。
He claimed that he had done the work without help.他聲稱沒有得到幫助而完成了這項(xiàng)工作。
Don’t claim to know what you don’t know.不要不懂裝懂。
Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea.漁夫和水手有時(shí)聲稱看到過(guò)海里的妖怪。
10. Later, when the American War of Independence made it impossible for England to send prisoners to North America, Australia was chosen a new place where prisoners and criminals were sent.后來(lái)，美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)使得英國(guó)不能向北美輸送囚犯，于是澳大利亞被選為一個(gè)新的囚犯和罪犯的流放地。
11.The British Governor landed on January 26,today as Australia Day. 英國(guó)總督于1月26日登陸，這一天就是現(xiàn)在的澳大利亞日。
The Constitution governing six states stated that men were free and equal, explained their basic civil rights and described the new government.當(dāng)時(shí)統(tǒng)治六個(gè)州的憲法表明人是自由平等的。它還說(shuō)明了人民的基本權(quán)利，也描述了當(dāng)時(shí)的新政府。
統(tǒng)治；控制，治理
In Britain elected representatives of the people govern the country.
在英國(guó)治理國(guó)家的是民選的代表。
支配某事物；決定
Self-interest governs all his actions.
他的所作所為皆取決于一己之利。
n.government 統(tǒng)治；控制；支配
州長(zhǎng)；省長(zhǎng)；總督someone who rules a state or province
12.The newcomers changed the way land was managed and introduced new plants and animals that were harmful to the Aistralian ecosytems. 新來(lái)的這批人改變了這里的土地管理方式。引進(jìn)了新的植物和動(dòng)物，這些動(dòng)植物破壞了澳大利亞的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)
be harmful to/do harm to/harm sb.or sth
13. As a consequence,the original Australians suffered. 結(jié)果原來(lái)的澳大利亞人吃盡了苦頭。
as a consequence 結(jié)果，后果
as a consequence= in consequence/as a result
After graduation, he became quite lazy. As a consequence, he lost what he owned.
畢業(yè)后，他變得懶惰起來(lái)，結(jié)果失去了自己所有的一切。
in consequence of =as a result of/because of/due to/owing to
In consequence of his rudeness, he was fired by his boss.由于他的粗魯，他被老板開除了。
14.Many Aborigines and Islanders were moved had their land taken away from them許多土著居民和島民被遷走了，他們的土地被剝奪了。
have+賓語(yǔ)+done過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)
15.In the early twentieth century,Australia resembled the USA of the eighteenth century在20世紀(jì)初期，澳大利亞就像18世紀(jì)的美國(guó)一樣。
resemble vt.（不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)）
resemble sb./sth.（in sth.） 與（他人或他物）相似；像……
She resembles her brother in looks.她和她弟弟長(zhǎng)得很像。
He strongly resembles his father in appearance.他非常像他的父親。
n resemblance（between A and B）相似；相像
There is a degree of resemblance between the two boys.這兩個(gè)男孩有某些相似之處。
16.The First World War had a strong influence on Australia.第一次世界大戰(zhàn)對(duì)澳大利亞有強(qiáng)烈的影響。
have an influence on/upon 對(duì)…有影響
have an influence on/upon=have an effect on/upon influence sb./sth.=affect sb./sth.
I don’t think this kind of system will have a great influence on our school.我認(rèn)為這種體制不會(huì)對(duì)我們學(xué)校產(chǎn)生很大影響。
SARS has a strong influence on human.對(duì)人類影響很大。
17.After the war,the country experienced social and economic unrest and suffered from the Great Depression of the 1930s.
戰(zhàn)后國(guó)家經(jīng)歷了社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的動(dòng)蕩，遭受了30年代大蕭條的苦難。
vt.受到，遭受，蒙受，后接pain,defeat,loss,poverty,hunger等名詞。
His leg was broken and he suffered great pain.
他的腿斷了，遭受了巨大痛苦的折磨。
常用于短語(yǔ)suffer from...，意為“受……的折磨，患某種疾病，有某種缺陷”。
In the old days,peasants suffered a great deal from cold and hunger.
在舊社會(huì)，農(nóng)民們饑寒交迫。
18. Australia began to transform itself into the modern country it is today.
澳大利亞開始把自己轉(zhuǎn)變成今天這樣的現(xiàn)代化國(guó)家。
A fresh coat of paint can transform a room.
房間重新粉刷一遍可大為改觀。
A generator generator (發(fā)電機(jī))transforms mechanical energy into electricity. (把機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)變成電能)
A steam engineer transforms heat into power.蒸汽機(jī)把熱轉(zhuǎn)化成動(dòng)力。
adj.transformable 可改變外觀或性質(zhì)的
n.transformation（外觀或性質(zhì)的）改變，改觀；轉(zhuǎn)變
His character seems to have undergone a complete transformation since his marriage.
他結(jié)婚之后性格判若兩人。
19.The economy grew and Australia benefited from the immigration.經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)了，澳大利亞人從移民中受益。
benefit n.
He has had the benefit of a first-class education.他受益于第一流的教育。
The new factory will be a great benefit to the town.這個(gè)新工廠對(duì)這個(gè)市鎮(zhèn)將會(huì)有很大的好處。(=be good to)
benefit v.
This medicine will benefit you.這藥對(duì)你有好處。
I benefited from my father’s advice.我受益于父親的教育。
20. pass laws to strengthen the rights of ……通過(guò)法律來(lái)加強(qiáng)……的權(quán)利。
strengthen v.加強(qiáng)；鞏固；變強(qiáng)
The current strengthened as we moved down the river.我們順流而下時(shí)，水流更急了。
This latest development has further strengthened my determination to leave.最近事態(tài)的發(fā)展更增強(qiáng)了我離開的決心。
strength n.力氣；力量；強(qiáng)度
He is a man of great strength.他是個(gè)強(qiáng)壯的男子。
The fence was strengthened with wire. 這堵圍欄用金屬絲加固了。
21.It would be many years until Australia learnt to respect Aborigines and recognize the importance of diverse society.
許多年后澳大利亞才懂得尊重土著居民，并認(rèn)識(shí)到多元化的重要性
Australian English differs in pronunciation from British and American English.
澳洲英語(yǔ)在發(fā)音上不同與英國(guó)英語(yǔ)和美國(guó)英語(yǔ)。
diverse adj. differing one from another; different 不同的；多種多樣的
have diverse interests 有多種興趣
differ from sb./ sth.與某人/某事物不同，有區(qū)別=be different from
We differ from each other in many ways.我們?cè)谠S多方面不同。
In this aspect,French differs from English/French and English.在這方面，法語(yǔ)不同于英語(yǔ)。
differ with/from sb.about/on sth.不同意；持異議
I’m sorry to differ with you on that.對(duì)不起，在那一點(diǎn)上我與你看法不同。
“I beg to differ.”表示與某人意見不一致。
n.difference
difference between A and B不同之處；差別；變化
It’s not very easy to tell the difference between sugar and salt.區(qū)別糖和鹽不是很容易的。
make a/no/some difference（to sb./ sth.）（對(duì)某人/某事物）有/沒有/有些作用或影響。
It makes no difference（to me）what you say:I’m not going.不管你怎么說(shuō)（對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)）都無(wú)所謂，反正我不去。
Integrative reading
1.connect
The two cities are connected by a railway
The No. 1 trolly bus connects here with the No. 4 trolly bus for the East Lake.
connect with Beijing University.
connect A with B connect…with(by) join A to B/join…with(by)
We can connect(join)the two islands with a bridge.
The road connects Beijing with Tianjin.
The new highway has joined our hometown to the city.
The Pananma Canal connects the Atlantic with the Pacific.
(The road connects Shanghai and Suzhou.)
2.separate
Although both these shops sell vegetables, they are quite separate.
The children all sleep in separate beds.
We’re sorry that you two should be separated.
England is separated from France by the English channel.
Let’s separate them into three groups.
Please separate the good apples from the bad ones.
They didn’t separate till midnight.
The good friends were glad to meet after so long a separation.
Cf:The world is divided into five continents.
You can divide the apples between you.
separate:把原來(lái)在一起的人或物分隔開來(lái)
divide: 著重把一個(gè)整體按一定數(shù)量和大小比例分成若干份。
3.having been separated from…
*Arriving at the village(When he arrived at the village),he could not find his home.
*Walking in the park(When she was walking), she saw an old friend.
*Being blind(As they were blind),how could they see?
*Having been there many times, he offered to introduce the history of country .(As he had been)
*Having been rebuilt this way,these temples look even more beautiful.(As/After they have been rebuilt)
*Having put up the tent, they started to cook their supper. (After they put up/had put up)
(Right) Standing on top of the tall building, we could see the whole city.
(Wrong)Standing on top of the tall building, the whole city could be seen.
(Right)Having found the cause they continued the experiment.
(Wrong)Having found the cause,the experiment continued.
Fill in the blanks
(1).Who is the man standing by the door?
(2).The bell ran announcing the end of class.
(3).Austrlia is the only country covering an entire continent.
(4).Suddenly there appeared a young woman dressed in white.
(5).Those chosen as team members must be here before 7 a.m. tomorrow.
(6).He is a man liked by all.
(7).The man writing this English letter is my teacher.
(8).The letter written in simple English is from my teacher.
4.In area…the same size as/…more than 13 times as many as
China is large in area and rich in resources.
The TV tower is nearly 40 metres in height.
They built a fence 30 meters in length.
The area of Australia is 7.6 million sq.km.
A是B的x倍，可表示為：
A be x times the size/height/length of B
A be x times as big/high/long as B
A be x-1 time bigger/higher/longer than B
A be bigger/higher/longer than B by x-1 times
如：這個(gè)房間是那個(gè)房間的3倍。
This room is three times the size of that one.
This room is three times as big as that one.
This room is twice bigger than that one.
This room is bigger than that one by twice.
5.feed…on/feed…to
6.give birth to/be borne
She has borne three children.
She has given birth to three children.
7.keep out
Danger! Keep out!
They closed all windows to keep out the cold.
We put a fence round the vegetable garden to keep the chickens out.
Please keep him out of trouble while he is studying here.
Please keep the dog out of the garden.
keep-phrase:
Keep up your courage/spirits.
They can keep up their normal temperature even in very cold weather.
The old man couldn’t keep up with the other people.
Dave was not good at maths and he couldn’t keep up with the rest of the class.
They used to keep watch at the top of the tree during the war.
Keeping a diary is very important to you.
You’d better keep cool when you are in danger.
She couldn’t keep back her tears at the news.
A newspaper can keeps one in touch with the world.
Nothing can keep me from doing so.
8.round up 聚攏；征集；搜捕
The guide rounded up the tourists and took them back to the coach.向?qū)О延慰蛡兙奂谝黄穑职阉麄儙Щ氐胶I。
The sheepdog rounded up the sheep and drove them through the gate.牧羊犬把羊群集中到一起，趕進(jìn)柵門。