Unit 2 English around the world
Aims and demands:
Key Words and expressions: majority, total, equal, situation, trade, communicate, compare, make oneself at home, stay up, end up with, bring in, a good many, have a good knowledge of
Sentence Patterns: with + 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)/強(qiáng)調(diào)句型及其用法
Differences of some words and expressions:
1.at one time / at a time/ at the same time
2. except, except for, except that (when．．．), but, besides
Step 1 Have a dictation of some words and expressions.
Step 2 Translate the following into English:
1.大多數(shù)中國學(xué)生學(xué)英語。通曉英語對我們來說是非常重要的。
The majority of the students in China learn English. It is very important for us to have a good knowledge of English.
2.我們學(xué)校有許多學(xué)生，數(shù)目大約是5000人。
There are a number of students in our school, and the number of the students is about 5000.
3.老師拿著書走進(jìn)教室。
The teacher came into the classroom with a book in his hand/ book in hand
4。他們高度相等，但是我認(rèn)為Mary能夠勝任這份工作。
They are of equal height, but I think Mary is equal to the job.
5.正是老師的幫助我的英語成績進(jìn)步了。
It is with the help of my teacher that I have made great progress in my English.
Step 3 Key words:
1.a/the majority of people/ the student
most of the students
2. total n. v. adj. in total= in all/ altogether/ totally
a total of 總數(shù)，總共
v. add up to/ come to / reach (a total of)
Our expenses reached a total of 20 dollars。
In total，there are 250,000 books in the library.
The visitors totaled 130.
3．equal adj.相等的，平等的，勝任的，由能力的； vt.與。。。。。相等； 比得上
be equal to He is equal to (doing)this task.( 勝任的)
None of us can equal her.(比得上)
4. situation n.狀況，處境； 形勢。
get into / out of a difficult situation 陷入/擺脫困境
cf. in a bad state of
5.trade n. v
trade in fruit (從事。。。貿(mào)易)
trade with European countries(和。。。做貿(mào)易)=exchange with
vt。 Trade ...for...=exchange...for (拿。。。交換。。。)
6．Make oneself at home/ make oneself done
help yourself to fish
be/ feel at home隨便； 自由自在；熟悉，自如
He is becoming more and more at home with this language.
the news at home and abroad
7.stay up 挺住，不倒； 熬夜=sit up
stay in/ out 呆在家里/戶外
stay on 繼續(xù)停留，保持
stay the same (as)
8．bring about =cause, result in, lead to帶來，引起，導(dǎo)致
bring along 攜帶
bring down 使倒下,使下降
bring forth 使產(chǎn)生,引起,提出
bring forward 提出建議=put forward/提前
bring in =get in the pops使得到某種收入 ，引進(jìn)，收進(jìn)，吸收
bring back to one's mind 使回想起
bring sb. back to life 使某人起死回生
bring sb up 撫養(yǎng)某人,教育
bring sth up 提出
bring up 嘔吐；
bring on 引起；導(dǎo)致；使進(jìn)步，使發(fā)展
bring to an end 結(jié)束=come to an end
bring into effect 使生效，實(shí)行
bring to operation …實(shí)施；使運(yùn)行
bring out 使…顯示出來；出版
9．Come about：happen
It came about like this/ in this way: 事情就是這樣的：
How does/did it come about that…?這是怎么回事…?
How did it come about that you didn’t come to the party?
10.except, except for, except that (when．．．), but, besides等表示“除……之外”的區(qū)別。
［透視］①except (but)指“除去……(不包括在整體內(nèi))”，而besides則指“除……之外，還有（包括在整體內(nèi)）” ,指除去同類的東西。
②except for/that指對前文作修正說明。除去不同類型的東西；except that(when)后接從句。
［精練］用表示“除……之外”的詞或短語完成句子。
35． The suit fitted him well except that the colour was a little brighter．
36． Does John know any other foreign languages besides French﹖
37． No one knew Mr Benson’s mobile phone number except his daughter．
38． Your composition is quite good except for a few spelling mistakes．
11.compare…with; compar…to; compared with／to
compare…with意為“把……與……相比”，側(cè)重指兩者間的區(qū)別。
如：Compare this car with that one, and you will find the differences between them．
把這輛汽車與那輛汽車相比較，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)它們之間的區(qū)別。
compare…to…意為“把……比作……”，著重注意兩者間的相似點(diǎn)。如：
This song compares our country to a big family．這首歌把我們的國家比作一個大家庭。 compare既可以單獨(dú)用作及物動詞，也可用作不及物動詞。用作不及物動詞時，以compare with…形式出現(xiàn)，表示“與……相比”。如：
Living here can’t compare with living in Shanghai．
在這兒生活不能和在上海（生活）相比。
If you compare the two words， you can tell the difference between them．
如果你比較這兩個單詞，你就會辨別出它們之間的不同。
compared with…和compared to…都可用作狀語，意義基本相同，可互換。如：
Compared to／with him， you are lucky． 與他相比，你是幸運(yùn)的。
It was a small town then， compared to／with what it is now．
和現(xiàn)在比起來，那時它還是個小鎮(zhèn)。
12.time一詞構(gòu)成的常用搭配及區(qū)別。
焄透視]at a time一次；at one time曾經(jīng)；all the time一直；at times時常；from time to time間或；in time及時；on time準(zhǔn)時；time and time again一次又一次；at the same time同時,一齊=meanwhile,together/=yet然而，但是 ；sometime某個時候；every time每當(dāng)……熞導(dǎo)時間狀語從句牭取
焄精練]單句改錯。下列句子均有一處錯誤，請找出來并改正。
33． Don't speak together．Please one at one time．（a）
34． He said he'd come to see you some time last night, but you were not in．(sometime)
35． Every time you meet the new words, that is unnecessary for you to look them up in a dictionary．(it)
Sentence patterns:
1．強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的運(yùn)用與高考
強(qiáng)調(diào)句型常用于書面語，也可用于口語，用來突出說話人要強(qiáng)調(diào)的語言信息，給對方以強(qiáng)烈的印象和感受。強(qiáng)調(diào)句型是高考范圍內(nèi)的語法內(nèi)容，更是高考命題者頗為青睞的語法項(xiàng)目之一。下面對該句型的用法作一闡述。
一、句型特征及含義
強(qiáng)調(diào)句又稱為分裂句。其結(jié)構(gòu)形式為“It ＋be的適當(dāng)形式＋被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分＋that／who ＋其它”。在該句型中，it無詞義，且不可用this，that換用；若原句的謂語動詞用了現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r，則be動詞用is；若原句的謂語動詞用了過去時，則be動詞用was。有時為了表達(dá)需要，也可在be前加上may／might／must等情態(tài)動詞；若被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是人，引導(dǎo)詞用 who（若強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是作賓語的人，則也可用 whom）或that均可；若是其它強(qiáng)調(diào)部分，則一律用that。翻譯時常加上“正是……；就是……”等字眼，以突出其強(qiáng)調(diào)含義。例如：
It is I who am to visit Hangzhou tomorrow．就是我明天要去杭州參觀。
．．．for it was in Greece that Olympic competitions firstly started．
（SEFC BIII L34）……因?yàn)榫褪窃谙ＥD奧林匹克運(yùn)動會首次開始舉辦的。
It must be John that／who will take part in the contest on behalf of our class．
必定是約翰將代表我們班參賽。
It might be at the party that Tom knew her．
可能就是在這次聚會上湯姆認(rèn)識她的。
二、強(qiáng)調(diào)角度及運(yùn)用
1．強(qiáng)調(diào)主語、賓語或狀語。例如：
It was John who／that broke the glass yesterday．（強(qiáng)調(diào)主語）
It is me who／whom／that you should help．（強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語）
It was at the gate that he told me the news．（強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語）
It was with great joy that he received the news that his long lost son would soon return home．（強(qiáng)調(diào)程度狀語）
It is by bus that Wang Gang often goes to school．（強(qiáng)調(diào)方式狀語）
It was about 600years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made．（強(qiáng)調(diào)時間狀語）
It was in order to catch the first bus that they got up earlier．（強(qiáng)調(diào)目的狀語）
2．強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語從句。
（1）強(qiáng)調(diào)時間狀語從句：
It was only when I reread his poems recently that I began to appreciate their beauty．
（2）強(qiáng)調(diào)原因狀語從句：
It was because Li Ping was ill that he didn't come to school last week．
（3）強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語從句：
It is where you come from that you should return to it．
（4）強(qiáng)調(diào)方式狀語從句：
It is as you like that you may do everything．
3．強(qiáng)調(diào)含有“not．．．until．．．”結(jié)構(gòu)的句子時，要用
“It is／was not until．．．that．．．”結(jié)構(gòu)。that后的句子要用肯定句，且須用陳述語序。
例如：
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I recognized she was a famous
film star．
It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcasts began．
4．強(qiáng)調(diào)含有定語從句的主語、賓語或狀語。例如：
Was it at the school which was named after a hero that he spent his childhood？
5．強(qiáng)調(diào)含有either．．．or．．．，neither．．．nor．．．，
not only．．．but also．．．，as well as，not．．．but．．．等詞組所構(gòu)成的句子。例如：
It was neither you nor he that is willing to go to the Great Wall．
It was he as well as his classmates who has ever been to Suzhou．
三、句型轉(zhuǎn)換及主謂一致
1．變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧洌ò阎骶渲械腷e動詞或情態(tài)動詞提到句首即可）
Was it during the Second World War that he died？
2．變?yōu)樘厥庖蓡柧洌氂谩疤厥庖蓡栐~＋be或情態(tài)動詞＋it＋that．．．？”結(jié)構(gòu)）
When could it be that he went to our country？
3．變?yōu)榉穸ㄒ蓡柧洌氃谥骶渖线M(jìn)行變化）
Couldn't it be by plane that he went to France？
4．強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的反意疑問句（須和主句一致）
It was at eleven last night that I knew the good news，wasn't it？
5．強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的主謂一致問題（即使被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是復(fù)數(shù)含義，主句的謂語動詞仍然用單數(shù)形式）
It is they who often help me with my lessons．
It was these books that they bought the day before yesterday．
注意：若強(qiáng)調(diào)句在整個復(fù)合句中作賓語，強(qiáng)調(diào)句須用陳述語序。例如：
He told me that it was Li Hua who was standing under the tree reading English．
四、相似句型及異同
1．強(qiáng)調(diào)句和主語從句句型（指“It＋ be ＋adj．／n．＋that-clause”類型）的異同點(diǎn)
二者均有It be．．．that／who．．．之類的語言標(biāo)志。所不同的是：（1）含有主語從句的句子譯為漢語時不可加上“正是……”或“就是……”之類的字眼，而強(qiáng)調(diào)句則可以。（2）含有主語從句的句子若刪掉It be．．．that／who．．．，則原句不論結(jié)構(gòu)還是語意均不成立，而強(qiáng)調(diào)句去掉結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)志卻仍然成立。例如：
It is true that he once went to Canada．（不可去掉It is及that，否則原句不成立。）
It was on December 11，2001that China became a member of WTO．（去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)原句仍然成立。）
2．含有定語從句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型
強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中含有定語從句，往往會給學(xué)生造成錯覺，以致分不清哪一句是強(qiáng)調(diào)部分，哪一句是定語從句，尤其是強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞是that或who時，更容易造成錯覺。辦法是仔細(xì)分析that或who在句中的作用：若that或who可有可無（結(jié)合it be來分析），則為強(qiáng)調(diào)句，否則是定語從句。例如：
It was in the lab that was set up by Mr．Smith that they finished the experiment．
（lab后的that不可以省略，因?yàn)閠hat作該句的主語。句中第二個that才是強(qiáng)調(diào)句的標(biāo)志。）
It was Tang Ling who came from Hunan that won the first prize in the contest．
（who在該句中作主語，所以不可以省略，后面的that才是強(qiáng)調(diào)句的標(biāo)志。）
3．定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。試比較：
1)It is the house where I met the young man.
(where 引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾house，where在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語)
2)It was in the house that I met the young man.
(本句為強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，可還原為I met the young man in the house.)
過關(guān)練習(xí)：
1．It was at the very beginning _______ Mr．Fox made the decision _______ we should send more fire-fighters there．（96'上海）
A．when；which B．when；what C．then；so D．that；that
2．Was it _______ Tom's carelessness _______ your keys were all lost？
A．because；which B．for；what C．because of；that D．since；why
3．It was for this reason _______ her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village．（2001上海）
A．which B．why C．that D．how
4．-I can't find M r．Brown．Where did you meet him this morning？ -It was in the hotel _______ he stayed．
A．that B．which C．where D．when
5．It was not long _______ he was born _______ his mother died．
A．before；that B．since；when C．until；when D．a(chǎn)fter；that
6．It was not until he finished all his homework _______ to bed last night．
A．did he go B．when he went C．that he went D．then he went
7．It must be he that has stolen Mr．Smith's purse， _______ ？
A．hasn't he B．isn't he C．mustn't it D．isn't it
Key: 1-7 D C C C D C D
II.with引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
英語中，with引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)很富有表現(xiàn)力，在句子中作狀語，表示伴隨、方式、原因、結(jié)果等。它不是句子而是短語，其結(jié)構(gòu)為：with＋名詞／ 代詞 ＋ 介詞短語 ／ 形容詞 ／副詞 ＋ 名詞 ／ 非謂語動詞。 現(xiàn)將with引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作一小結(jié)。
1． with ＋名詞（代詞）＋介詞短語
He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand．
他手托下巴，坐在那兒沉思。
The old man stood there, with his back against the wall．
那位老人背倚著墻站在那里。
Mary was sitting near the fire, with her back towards the door．
瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對著門。
2． with ＋名詞（代詞）＋形容詞
He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open．
他張大嘴巴凝視著他的朋友。
The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery．
這人抬起頭來，眼里充滿了好奇。
He stood there trembling, with his face red with cold．
他站在那兒瑟瑟發(fā)抖，臉都凍紅了。
3． with ＋名詞（代詞）＋副詞
With production up by 60％, the company has had another excellent year．
產(chǎn)量上升了60％, 公司又是一個好年景。
The stupid Emperor walked in the procession with nothing on．
這位愚蠢的皇帝一絲不掛地行進(jìn)在游行隊伍中。
The naughty boy stood before his teacher with his head down．
這個淘氣的男孩低著頭站在老師面前。
He put on his socks with the wrong side out．
他把襪子穿反了。
4． with ＋名詞（代詞）＋名詞
She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion．
她從前總愛在晚上坐著看書，她的寵物狗便是她唯一的伙伴。
He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl．他去世的時候，女兒還是個中學(xué)生。 5． with ＋名詞（代詞）＋現(xiàn)在分詞
She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her．
她站在那兒跟朋友閑聊，孩子在旁邊玩。
With you helping me whenever I’m in trouble, I feel very obliged to you．
無論我什么時候遇到困難你總是幫助我，真是太感激你了。
6． with ＋名詞（代詞）＋過去分詞
“I think we can leave with our heads held high,” Eriksson said．
“We came out of the toughest group, beat Argentina, beat Denmark
in a convincing way．”
“我認(rèn)為我們可以高昂著頭離開，”艾里克松說。“我們來自死亡之組，以一種令人信服的方式擊敗了阿根廷，擊敗了丹麥�！�
The goalkeeper left Japan with his flaws laid bare．
這位守門員離開了日本，而他的缺點(diǎn)卻暴露無遺。
7． with ＋名詞（代詞）＋不定式
With 10 minutes to go, you’d better hurry．
還有十分鐘，你最好快一點(diǎn)。
With you to lead us, our group is sure to succeed．
有你領(lǐng)導(dǎo)我們，我們組肯定能成功。
1. ______ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend. (北京2004)
A. With B. Besides C. As for D. Because of
[解析]答案是A。這是“with +賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”構(gòu)成的復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)。
2. It was a pity that the great writer died _______his works unfinished. (福建2004)
A. for B. with C. from D. of
[解析]答案是B。這還是“with +賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”結(jié)構(gòu)。
III. so/such/as/ the same as/that的區(qū)別。
as 的用法：
例1.the same… as；such…as; as / so…as…中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和……一樣……。as既可指人，也可指物，常在限制性定語從句中充當(dāng)主、賓、表語。as引導(dǎo)的定語從句的先行詞前面常有as ／such ／the same等修飾詞。還要注意區(qū)分下列兩個詞組：
1．“such．．．that．．．”表“如此……以致……”的意思，用來引導(dǎo)一個結(jié)果狀語從句；而“such．．．a(chǎn)s．．．”表“像……這（那）樣”的意思，用來引導(dǎo)定語從句，as在定語從句中充當(dāng)主、賓、表語等。試比較下列兩個句子：
①He is such an honest man that we respect him.
他是一個如此誠實(shí)的人以致我們都尊敬他。
② He is such an honest man as we respect．他像我們所尊敬的那種誠實(shí)的人。
2．“the same．．．that．．．”表同一人或物，而“the same．．．a(chǎn)s．．．”表同種類的東西。試比較下列兩個句子：①This is the same book that I lost．這就是我丟失的那一本書。（指同一本書）②This is the same book as I lost．我丟失的那一本書一模一樣。（并不是原來的那一本）
例如：
He is as brave a man as ever lived．他是世界上最勇敢的人。
Don't read such books as are not worth reading．不要讀那些不值得讀的書。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
The film is so good as we saw last night.(as 作saw 的賓語)
Cf.The film is so good that we moved to tears.(that是連詞，不作句子成分,引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句)
Last night we saw such a good film as we had expected.(as作expected的賓語)
Cf.Last night we saw such a good film that we thought it’s worth seeing again. (that是連詞，不作句子成分,引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句)
ex. 1．Nobody in our school has the same camera ＿＿＿＿ you have．
2．She is such a good girl ＿＿＿＿does well in French．
3．She is such a good girl ＿＿＿＿ all of us like to make friends with her．
BOOK 1A Unit 2語言點(diǎn)練習(xí)
1. _____ the survivors in the traffic accident appreciated the police before they left for their homes.
A.The most B. Most C. A most of D.A majority of
2. I'll telephone and make sure how many guests will come to our party _______.
A. in totally B. all together C. add up to D. in total
3.Nothing can________ planes in speed and comfort.
A. equal B. equal to C. match with D. compare to
4.It's important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to the ______ in language studies.
A. situation B. expression C. condition D. translation
D. Yes, 1 can do it myself now
5.--Where is your new bike?
--I've ________ it for this used one.
A. picked B. sold C. traded D. bought
6.We can communicate_________ people in every part of the world.____ the Internet.
A. with ; with B. with ; through C. through; through D. through ; with
7._______ other good students, the teacher thinks Hank is ________student.
A. Compared with;a most satisfied B. Compared to;the most satisfied
C. Comparing to;the more satisfying D. Compared with;a more satisfying
8.John was an outdoor man and could ________ himself at home in the woods at night.
A. have B. make C. let D. keep
9.It is said that the building is made so strong that it can______ even in a terrible earthquake.
A. support B. be destroyed C. be stayed up D. stay up
10.The meeting began ________the singing of the national song and ended _____ also the singing of it.
A. at ; at B. with ; with C. at ; with D. by ; up with
11.The sale of the company's new product is extremely good. It has _____two million dollars so far
A. brought in B. made up C. carried on D. kept up
12._________ number of visitors came but I don't know ________ number.
A. A ; the B. The ; a C. A ; a D. The ; the
13.With all these dishes _________ , I can't go and listen to the speech by the famous professor.
A. to wash B. to be washed C. washed D. washing
14.What_______ he brought you when he came to see you yesterday?
A. is it B. is that C. was it D. was it that
15. Hearing that he ate twenty eggs ________, we were very surprised.
A. at the same time B. at a time C. at one time D. at once
16.I know nothing about the accident _________I have read in today's paper.
A. except that B. except what C. except D. besides that
17.She asked me_________ knock off the glass of water.
A. please be careful not to B. to be careful not to
C. to be careful to not D. not to be careful to
18.Roses need special care _____they can live through winter.
A. because B. so that C. even if D. as
19.Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV ; there are pictures _______ in your mind instead of before your eyes.
A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed
20.-It's getting late. I'm afraid I must be going now. --OK._________.
A. Take it easy B. Go slowly C. Stay longer D. See you
21．It was at the very beginning _______ Mr．Fox made the decision _______ we should send more fire-fighters there．（96'上海）
A．when；which B．when；what C．then；so D．that；that
22．Was it _______ Tom's carelessness _______ your keys were all lost？
A．because；which B．for；what C．because of；that D．since；why
23．It was for this reason _______ her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village．（2001上海）
A．which B．why C．that D．how
24．-I can't find M r．Brown．Where did you meet him this morning？ -It was in the hotel _______ he stayed．
A．that B．which C．where D．when
25．It was not long _______ he was born _______ his mother died．
A．before；that B．since；when C．until；when D．a(chǎn)fter；that
26．It was not until he finished all his homework _______ to bed last night．
A．did he go B．when he went C．that he went D．then he went
27．It must be he that has stolen Mr．Smith's purse， _______ ？
A．hasn't he B．isn't he C．mustn't it D．isn't it
28. ______ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend. (北京2004)
A. With B. Besides C. As for D. Because of
29. It was a pity that the great writer died _______his works unfinished. (福建2004)
A. for B. with C. from D. of