對同一件事情，人們常有不同的看法，即正反兩種觀點。在寫作時，常使用一般現(xiàn)在時。寫作格式一般是：提出問題→兩種不同觀點→對兩種不同觀點的論據(jù)（理由）逐項作對比。有時題目會要求說出自己的觀點，可在結(jié)尾段加上自己的觀點并簡要說明理由，最好不要重復(fù)前面的已談到的理由。寫作方式一般采用集中比較。
對比式議論文要求考生從正反兩個方面來論證某一觀點，對這類題型，一般有三個主要部分，即：
topic sentences：引入，即主題部分，要針對題目要求,對現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行概述,提出自己的論點,這部分一定要簡明扼要,往往三兩句即可。
supporting sentences：展開，要圍繞自己提出的論點進(jìn)行深入的闡述,可以通過舉例、比較等來支持自己的論點。（正反論證,持之有故。在認(rèn)真審題、提煉出論點之后,接下來應(yīng)當(dāng)擺出正反兩方面的論點和論據(jù),也就是說,用原文所給的足量事實來支撐各自的觀點,如果題目沒有給定更多的內(nèi)容,這時需要自己深入思考,挖掘比較兩者的不同點,然后分別進(jìn)行論證,務(wù)必做到言之有據(jù),持之有故,自圓其說。）
concluding sentences：結(jié)論，重申自己的觀點,它是討論的最終結(jié)果,也是對全文進(jìn)行總結(jié),但不要重復(fù)開頭引入
部分,最好換一種方式或句型來寫。(在一篇120字的文章中，結(jié)論文通常只能有一至兩句。結(jié)論只是用來總結(jié)文章之前的意思，除非只是一個次要觀點，否則不要在這段內(nèi)提出任何新見解，但如題目要求的話，您可在結(jié)論上提出您的建議、推薦、介紹和解決方法.)
通常分為四個步驟來寫：
第一段 文章開頭，提煉論點,搭建框架
第二段 闡述提綱中列舉的第一種看法，給出理由或者舉例說明:主題句＋理由/舉例1+理由/舉例2+理由/舉例3
第三段 闡述提綱中列舉的第一種看法，給出理由或者舉例說明:主題句＋理由/舉例1+理由/舉例2+理由/舉例3
第四段 表明自己的觀點結(jié)束全文:在結(jié)尾的時候，一定要表明自己的觀點。
注意事項：
1.巧用連詞、銜接自然。寫比較式議論文時,為了使文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,句子銜接自然,邏輯性和連貫性強,可以借助一些連接詞來過度，使上下文讀起來流暢。常用于展開論證的連詞或詞組有 first of all, besides, in addition, however,what's more等,用于結(jié)論部分的furthermore,moreover,連接詞或詞組有:in short,in a word,in conclusion,on the whole,to conclude,on one hand,on the other hand等。
2.查缺補漏,愈加完善。完成作文之后,要注意檢查一下,在檢查時,把握好以下幾個方面的問題,看看有沒有錯誤:(1)時態(tài)是否一致,特別是復(fù)合句,要弄清楚主從句的時間關(guān)系;(2)搭配問題,注意介詞搭配和動賓搭配;(3)詞性誤用,根據(jù)詞語在句子中擔(dān)任的不同成分,選用不同的詞性;(4)關(guān)系一致問題,既要注意主謂一致,又要注意代詞一致,分詞邏輯主語和句子主語一致等問題;(5)連接詞問題,對于不同的句式,既要防止連接詞的重復(fù),又要防止它的缺省。 掌握了以上對比式英語議論文的基本框架和技巧之后,平時多加練習(xí),多模仿、學(xué)習(xí)一些優(yōu)秀的英語范文,多背誦一些經(jīng)典句型,多積累一些中高級詞匯,恰當(dāng)運用一點銜接過渡手段,就一定能寫出內(nèi)容詳實、層次分明且結(jié)構(gòu)完整的文章。
寫作方法
1.Strategy:
Contrast: It explains how persons/things are different.
Comparison: It explains how persons/things are similar.
2. What connecting words or phrases can we use to develop contrast and comparison?
Contrast: while, however, but, be different from, unlike, on the contrary, just the opposite
Comparison: similarly, just like…, alike, likewise, equally, in the same way, both, also
Ex. Combine 2 sentences into one.
I wrote letters to my friends. I send emails to my friends.
I used to write letters to my friends, but now I send them e-mails.
Unlike before when I wrote letters, I send e-mails to my friends now.
3. Two ways to develop comparison and contrast (對比寫作一般有兩種方式)
Topic by topic structure:集中比較或?qū)Ρ龋姓f明一個對象的諸種特征）
Point by point structure:逐點比較或?qū)Ρ龋ㄒ粭l一條地說明兩者的異同）
Ex. 2 Explain the table in English.
children eat out at weekend western food
parents eat out at weekend Chinese food
○1 Topic by topic
Children like to eat out at weekend. They are usually interested in western food. In the same way, parents also eat out at weekend. But they usually go to a Chinese restaurant.
○2 Point by point：Children and parents both like to eat out at weekend. But children are interested in western food while parents prefer Chinese food.
Example1:
1.只給出主題，題目沒有更多的內(nèi)容，這時需要自己深入思考,挖掘比較兩者的不同點,然后分別進(jìn)行論證,務(wù)必做到言之有據(jù),持之有故,自圓其說。
2.要求論述兩個對立的觀點并給出自己的看法�！�1有一些人認(rèn)為……○2另一些人認(rèn)為……○3.我的看法……
The topic of ①___________（主題）is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②___________（支持A的理由一）What is more, ③___________理由二). Moreover, ④___________ (理由三).
While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly, ___________ (支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥___________（理由二）. Thirdly (finally),⑦_(dá)__________ (理由三).
From my point of view, I think ⑧___________（我的觀點）. The reason is that ⑨___________ (原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice.
3.給出一個觀點，要求考生反對這一觀點
Some people believe that ①___________（觀點一）. For example, they think ②___________（舉例說明）．And it will bring them ③___________ (為他們帶來的好處).
In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④___________ (我不同意該看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤___________ (反對的理由之二)．
Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥___________ (我對文章所討論主題的看法)．
Example2:
作為一個中學(xué)生, 你肯定經(jīng)歷過多次考試, 體驗過成功, 也遭遇過失敗. 請你根據(jù)提示內(nèi)容,簡要概述中學(xué)生普遍存在的對考試失敗的兩種態(tài)度, 并結(jié)合自身實際, 說明你的觀點.
態(tài)度一: 當(dāng)考試結(jié)果不盡人意時, 情緒低落, 喪失信心, 不再繼續(xù)努力.
態(tài)度二: 當(dāng)考試失敗時, 分析找出失敗的原因, 鼓勵自己, 增強自信, 避免再犯同樣的錯。
你的觀點: 失敗乃成功之母, ……
要求: 1. 詞數(shù): 120詞左右. 2. 可根據(jù)內(nèi)容要求適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié), 以使行文連貫.
審題
體裁:說明
時態(tài):現(xiàn)在時
人稱:第一人稱
要點: (1) 我們中學(xué)生經(jīng)歷過多次考試, 體驗過成功, 也遭遇過失敗.
(2) 態(tài)度一: 當(dāng)考試結(jié)果不盡人意時, 情緒低落, 喪失信心, 不再繼續(xù)努力.
(3)態(tài)度二: 當(dāng)考試失敗時, 分析找出失敗的原因, 鼓勵自己, 增強自信, 避免再犯同樣的錯。
(4)我的觀點: 失敗乃成功之母, ……
構(gòu)思---文章結(jié)構(gòu)正反觀點對比類的文章
提出問題 不同觀點對比 說明自己觀點
構(gòu)思---文章結(jié)構(gòu)
(1）我們中學(xué)生經(jīng)歷過多次考試, 體驗過成功, 也遭遇過失敗. 提出問題
對考試失敗大致有兩種態(tài)度.
(2)態(tài)度一: 當(dāng)考試結(jié)果不盡人意時, 情緒低落, 喪失信心, 不再繼續(xù)努力.
(3)態(tài)度二: 當(dāng)考試失敗時, 分析找出失敗的原因, 鼓勵自己, 增強自信, 避免再犯同樣的錯。
(4)我的觀點: 失敗乃成功之母, … 說明自己觀點
構(gòu)思---句型短語
(1) 我們中學(xué)生經(jīng)歷過多次考試, 體驗過成功, 也遭遇過失敗.
have/take many tests or exams, do well in the exams, achieve success, suffer from failure, fail (in) the exams,(take) different attitudes towards…
對考試失敗大致有兩種態(tài)度.
(2)態(tài)度一: 當(dāng)考試結(jié)果不盡人意時, 情緒低落, 喪失信心, 不再繼續(xù)努力.
(3)態(tài)度二: 當(dāng)考試失敗時, 分析找出失敗的原因, 鼓勵自己, 增強自信, 避免再犯同樣的錯。
be in low spirits, have passive attitudes, lose heart/confidence, no longer study hard / try one’s best …, find out/ analyze the causes, have/take active attitudes, encourage, build up self-confidence, avoid…, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, unlike … different from …,
(4)你的觀點: 失敗乃成功之母, ……
in my view / opinion, I agree with…, as for me, …, in brief, in a word, in summary, Failure is the mother of success.
Sample:
We middle school students have had many tests or exams. We have both achieved success and suffered from failure. Different students take different attitudes to failure.
Some fall in low spirits when they don’t do well in the exams. They usually lose heart and no longer study as hard as before. However, most students take an active attitude towards failure. They encourage themselves to be self-confident. They find out and analyze the causes so that they will no longer make similar mistakes.
As for me, I agree with those with active attitudes. As we all know, failure is the mother of success. Even great men may have failed many times before they succeeded. So we must deal with failure correctly.
作文中常用句套：
總起:
Recently the problem has been brought into focus.
Different people hold different opinions.
Opinions are divided.
People have taken/adopted different attitudes towards …
People have different opinions on this problem.
People take different views on this question.
表達(dá)不同觀點:
…of them hold the opinion that ….
…of them are in favor of the idea that…
People who are for/against the idea think …
Some people believe that…. Others argue that …
進(jìn)一步提出觀點：
... but that is only part of the history.
Another equally important aspect is ...
A is but one of the many effects. Another is ...
Besides, other reasons are...
不同觀點之間的銜接:
However, …of them hold a different view. / …of them hold the opposite opinion.
People who are against it don’t think so.
However, each coin has two sides.
Different from those…., …people think ….
On the other hand, … people object that ….
并列關(guān)系：and, as well as, also…
遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：besides, in addition, moreover, what’s more…
比較、對比：like, unlike, on the contrary, on the other hand…
舉普通例子：
For example (instance),...
... such as A, B, C and so on (so forth)
A good case in point is...
A particular example for this is...
引用：
One of the greatest early writers said ...
"Knowledge is power", such is the remark of ...
講故事: （先說故事主體，this story is not rare.）
..., such dilemma we often meet in daily life.
..., the story still has a realistic significance.
提出原因：
There are many reasons for ...
Most people would agree that...
Some people may neglect that in fact ...
Others suggest that...
Part of the explanation is ...
結(jié)尾：
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw
the conclusion that ...
In summary, it is wiser ...
In short...
正反觀點對比常用句型
(1) We have a discussion about… 我們對……進(jìn)行了一次討論。
We’ve had a discussion about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks.
(2) We have had a survey on… 我們對……開展了一次調(diào)查。
We’ve had a survey on whether students should be allowed to carry mobile phones to schools.
(3) Opinions are divided on the question. 在這個問題上意見有分歧。
(4) Opinions are mainly divided into two groups. 有兩種不同意見。
(5) Others have different opinions. 其他人有不同看法。
(5) Sixty percent of the students are for the idea, while forty percent of the students think otherwise.
有60%的學(xué)生支持這個觀點，然而有40%的學(xué)生則不這樣認(rèn)為。
(6) Sixty percent of the students think it necessary to…, but forty percent of the students don’t think so.
60%的學(xué)生認(rèn)為……是必須的，而40%的學(xué)生則不這樣認(rèn)為。
(7) On the one hand, … On the other hand, … 一方面……，另一方面……
在對某一觀點作進(jìn)一步論證時，可用下列句型：
(1) What’s more, … 還有就是……
What’s more, we can get a good knowledge of the culture and social customs of the country where we study, as well as improve our English.
(2) Besides, … 除此之外……
Some students cannot discipline themselves. Besides, it’s far too expensive to study abroad, which is a load to the family.
當(dāng)然在提出多個論據(jù)時，也可用First, …Second, … Third, …來列舉論據(jù)。
Writing (2002年 全國卷）
1. 最近，你校同學(xué)正在參加某英文報組織的一場討論。討論的主題是：公園要不要收門票？請你根據(jù)下表提供的信息，給報社寫一封信，客觀地介紹討論情況。
60%的同學(xué)認(rèn)為 40%的同學(xué)認(rèn)為
1、不應(yīng)收門票
2、公園是公眾休閑的地方
3、如收票，需建大門、圍墻，會影響城市形象 1、應(yīng)收門票，但票價不宜高
2、支付園林工人工資
3、購新花木
注意：
1. 信的開頭已為你寫好。2. 詞數(shù)：100左右。3. 參考詞匯：門票：entrance fee。
Dear Editor,
I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we’ve had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours truly,
Li Hua
One possible version:
Dear Editor,
I'm writing to tell you about the discussion we've had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks(提出問題).
Opinions are divided on the question(過渡句). 60％of the students are against the idea of entrance fee. They believe a public park should be free of charge(觀點一). People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. Changing entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away(論據(jù)一). What is more, it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of a city(論據(jù)二).
On the other hand, 40％ think that fees should be charged(觀點二) because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers(論據(jù)一), and to buy plants and young trees(論據(jù)二). They suggest, however, fees should be charged low.
Yours truly
Li Hua
可以看出，這類文章的寫作，首先要提出問題，即雙方討論的問題。接下來提出觀點一，并用一系列論據(jù)進(jìn)行闡明。說明完觀點一之后，再提出觀點二，繼續(xù)用論據(jù)進(jìn)行說明。如果需要說明自己的觀點，可接下來說明自己的觀點。
2. 假定你是某中學(xué)學(xué)生李華。最近，你班同學(xué)正在參加《中國日報》21世紀(jì)中學(xué)生英文報“大家談”欄目的一個討論。本次話題為：父母的收入有沒有必要讓孩子知道?
請你根據(jù)下表所列情況給報社寫一封信，客觀地介紹討論情況。
70％的同學(xué)認(rèn)為： 30％的學(xué)生認(rèn)為：
1．父母的收入應(yīng)該讓孩子知道； 1．父母的收入沒有必要讓孩子知道；
2．知道后，知其來之不易，能夠更加努力學(xué)習(xí)； 2．如果知道父母收入較好，會助長亂花錢風(fēng)氣；
3．知道后，可以理解家長艱辛，學(xué)會儉省，為大人分憂。 3．知道父母收人后，會以為不用努力，也能靠父母，影響學(xué)習(xí)動力。
注意：1．詞數(shù)：100左右。2．信的開頭已經(jīng)為你寫好，不計入總詞數(shù)內(nèi)。3．參考詞匯：收入--income
Dear editor,
I'm writing to tell you about the discussion we recently had about whether we should know our parents' income.
Suggested answer
Dear editor,
I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we recently had about whether we should know our parents’ income.
We do have different opinions on this matter. Most of us (about 70%) think we should know our parents’ income since it will help us understand how hard our parents have to work, no matter how much they earn. Then we will study harder and will not waste money any more. We may also learn to share our parents’ trouble.
About 30% of my classmates think it unnecessary to let the children know how much their parents earn. If they know their parents have enough money to support the family, they will not study hard since they needn’t worry about the future. It is said, especially when their parents have a higher income, the children will easily form a wasteful habit.